This chapter introduces the volume, states the argument, identifies the academic discourse(s) that the argument intervenes upon, and lays out the structure of the study. It opens with an inciting incident of examining the Plaza de tres culuras in modern-day Mexico and linked to its past as a birthing ground of colonial education. The narrative of the Colegio de Santa Cruz Tlatelolco emerges as a clear example of places that have housed multiple visions of learning over the centuries. Key topics and themes enter the readers’ minds: Historian Robert Ricard and spiritual conquest discourse, Bernardino de Sahagún and the student-documentarians of the Colegio, Indigenous sense of place as tied to family courtyards, and architecture as an archive for learning environments. The historiography begins with a call to action relating to ethnohistory, art history, education studies, and Spanish colonialism, noting key arguments my predecessors posed and connecting the study to the latest findings of my peers. Highlights include an advocacy for ethnohistory that bridges disciplines and focuses on linguistics to understand local art, religion, and education. The concept of the “learningscape” and how to approach visions of learning studies is a central takeaway, and readers discover the problematic rhetoric of Western terminologies surrounding “tequitqui” art.

After a meteorite reaches the Earth’s surface, it is subject to terrestrial weathering. Metallic Fe-Ni grains develop thin red coatings of goethite; the goethite fills pores within the whole-rocks, eventually decreasing their porosity to zero. Other bulk parameters that change during terrestrial weathering of ordinary chondrites are magnetic susceptibility, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and tensile strength. Evaporite minerals grow on the surfaces of Antarctic finds with phases including Mg carbonates, Mg sulfates, and Ca sulfate. OC whole rocks become contaminated with terrestrial C and water, affecting their bulk isotopic compositions. Frost wedging can cause rocks to expand and shatter as water seeps into fractures and freezes. There are a few OC ventifacts sculpted by wind erosion in arid environments; these rocks typically have three or four flat sides that meet at angular interfaces. A small number of ordinary chondrites are shatter cones, shocked rocks with striated surfaces that have a horsetail-like appearance. Such structures are produced beneath the floors of impact craters.

Although it is well-known that major technological change can impact multiple socio-technical systems and their patterns of interaction, the issue of multi system dynamics in transitions has until recently not attracted much attention. For new sustainability transition phenomena such as decarbonisation efforts across various systems or circular economy initiatives that involve entire value chains, it is vital to better understand the ways, in which multiple systems interact and shape each other’s transitions. The goal of this chapter is to provide overview and orientation for a rapidly emerging topic by taking stock of the current state of knowledge. We review contributions from three main conceptual frameworks in transition studies: the technological innovation systems approach, the multi-level perspective, and deep transitions. On that basis, we discuss similarities, differences, and open issues to identify a future research agenda for the emerging area of multi-system dynamics in transitions.

The chapter investigates the mobilizing effect of moral rhetoric, that is, effects on party supporters. I theorize that moral rhetoric is likely to mobilize the party base, or those who identify with the party. This works by moral rhetoric priming the moral intuitions of supportive voters. Heightened moral intuitions activate their emotions, which in turn increase willingness to participate in politics. In particular, I focus on the mediating role of positive emotions, especially pride about one’s partisan preference. I test my argument using experimental and panel survey data from Britain. First, I show that moral rhetoric can increase positive emotions, especially pride. Second, I find that voters who held more positive emotions about their party before an election were more likely to politically participate during the election. Interestingly, analyses show that pride plays a big role for expressive participation, like displaying an election poster. Third, I investigate the entire argument using mediation analysis. The chapter shows that while moral rhetoric can mobilize the party base, the effects are rather limited. Moral rhetoric promotes expressive, cheap forms of participation.

Arthur Griffith is a forgotten man of Irish history, but one who deserves to be remembered as much for his journalism as for the part he played in the foundation of the modern Irish state. The most significant of Griffith's ideas was that Ireland's elected representatives should refuse to sit in the Westminster parliament, but instead set up a rival assembly and administration at home. However, he was among those who condemned Synge's The Playboy of the Western World for its unedifying portrayal of Irish rural life. Moreover, his writings for example, on the Dreyfus affair, reveal unfortunate racist, even anti-Semitic, tendencies. Such tendencies are also evident in his writings on the Freeman. The chapter focuses on a series of articles on the Freeman and its history that Griffith published in Nationality between June 1915 and April 1918. These articles amounted to a sustained campaign of vilification of the Freeman.

This chapter expands upon the key concepts of air power, illustrating its inter-war development and the challenges presented to the theory when exposed to the realities of the Second World War. It explains the importance of joint operations to Allied victory in 1945 and the importance of the use of the atom bomb as a counter to criticism that strategic bombing was perhaps not as important as had been suggested became moot. The chapter examines the ways in which the key air power concepts played out during the Cold War era (1945-circa 1990) and the employment of air power in the thirty years between the 1991 Gulf War and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 brought about a new line of thinking about air power. The development and growing importance of space power is also considered in detail, leading into the final chapter in this section, which considers the way in which air and space power have become indispensable factors.

This chapter explore five works of gay literary autobiographical writing about the 1970s. These autobiographies by Michael Rumaker, Robert Glück, Kevin Killian, Essex Hemphill, and Bernard Cooper paint an ambivalent picture of the decade, a period in which the unprecedented rewards and celebratory tenor of sexual liberation did not merely erase the traumas of the past: homophobia, self-hatred, and abusive relationships. Most of these writers are quite different from one another; they belonged to different gay cultural scenes and lived and worked in different cities across the US. By identifying shared themes across their work, however, this chapter illuminates why the 1970s was a pivotal moment in the formation of gay literature as we know it.

One of the most curious episodes in the history of Irish journalism was the world-wide fame attained by the Skibbereen Eagle, a small provincial newspaper. Skibbereen Eagle in 1898 declared that it was keeping an eye on the Tsar of Russia, at that time one of the world's most powerful rulers and the autocratic sovereign of one sixth of the land surface of the earth. Frederick Potter was a born newspaperman and entrepreneur. Initially, the Eagle was a monthly publication but later became a weekly appearing every Saturday. The phrase 'keeping an eye on the Tsar of Russia' actually owed its origins to another Cork newspaper. The Cork Chronicle, whose editor Jack Bellew was in the 1820s credited with annoying the Tsar by keeping a vigilant eye on him. Potter supported Home Rule but opposed Fenianism and cherished the connection with Britain.

The Roman eagle, speaking for Christianity, teaches the insuperable difference between divine and human justice. Given the life Dante has endorsed, the eagle’s view and Dante’s must diverge. They do so regarding the case of one who lives a good life but, without Christian faith, is condemned. Why, if reason guides him to that life, is faith nevertheless needed?The eagle’s response makes clear that it’s not justice, a common good, but resurrection that is the ultimate concern.God’s arbitrariness in dispensing this good is a credential of the power needed to provide it.

The Heaven of Saturn depicts the effect that orientation on this good has on philosophy. With the question of human good taken as resolved, the contemplatives actively discourage reasoned inquiry concerning humanly significant matters; any such inquiry could suggest doubt regarding God’s power to provide the key good.Peter Damian, a source of the handmaiden image, known for thinking God to be unbounded by the law of noncontradiction, conveys this message.He embraces the unknowability of God’s ways even to those who have been saved.The stark clarity of Peter’s position prepares Dante’s confrontation with this novel obstacle to the philosophic life raised by Christianity.

South Asia’s economies, as well as the scholarship on their economic histories, have been transformed in recent decades. This landmark new reference history will guide economists and historians through these transformations in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Part 1 revisits the colonial period with fresh perspectives and updated scholarship, incorporating recent research on topics such as gender, caste, environment and entrepreneurship. The contributors highlight the complex and diverse experiences of different groups to offer a more nuanced understanding of the past. Part 2 focuses on economic and social change in South Asia over the last seventy-five years, offering a comprehensive view of the region’s historical trajectory. Together, the contributions to this volume help to reassess the impact of colonialism through a more informed lens, as well as providing analysis of the challenges and progress made since independence.

This chapter charts the evolution of Kant’s thinking about theodicy and explains the fundamental shifts in his attitude towards the project. It begins by examining his pre-critical sketch for a theodicy that remains firmly within the Leibnizian mould while repairing its structural inconsistencies and gaps. At the heart of his reparative measures is a different conception of divine freedom, one that Kant will retain throughout his critical period. The chapter ends with a consideration of his late essay On the Miscarriage of All Philosophical Trials in Theodicy of 1791, in which he rejects the entire tradition of rationalist theodicy, whilst still maintaining the importance of an ‘authentic’ alternative. The basis of his rejection of previous theodicies is moral: the very pursuit of such a theodicy involves sacrificing individual freedom and rejecting an autonomous stance. Accordingly, the central sections of the chapter explain Kant’s critical concept of autonomy and how the theory of normativity it entails is fundamentally incompatible with a rationalist conception of value.

Chapter 5 brings together two entirely remote and distinct religious systems: the Vineyard Evangelical Church in the United States and the pilgrim worshipers of Krishna in Vrindavan, India. In both cases, religious actors report sensory experiences of God: auditory in the United States and visual in India. The chapter provides a systemic explanation for these reports, considering them as responses to a profound dissonance in systems of faith among committed adherents to a personal God. The chapter also examines psychological theories such as porosity, absorption, decentering, and other mechanisms for altering states of consciousness toward sensory experiences of the divine.