This chapter assembles a wide range of evidence to demonstrate that the reputation of Corinth for sexual licentiousness was not, as is usually maintained, solely a thing of the past, relating to the population prior to the destruction of Ancient Corinth in 146 BCE. On this basis, the chapter shows how the influence of stereotypical views about Corinth and its inhabitants helps account for the major emphasis on illicit sex (porneia) in Paul’s correspondence with Corinth.

This chapter examines the extent to which Roma have their human rights realised in Ireland from an intersectional perspective. It examines how the operations, interactions and patterns of subordination, including racism and discrimination based on gender, ethnicity and migrant status, are embedded in institutions, legislation and policy, resulting in the exclusion and marginalisation of Roma in Ireland. Using data from the national needs assessment of Roma in Ireland, the experiences of discrimination and exclusion that Roma face across services and in public spaces are discussed, with a particular focus on Roma women. The chapter argues that ‘neutral’ policies combined with a legacy of institutional racism across Europe place many Roma in vulnerable situations. A narrow focus on formal equality and a narrative that ‘equal treatment is synonymous with the same treatment’ is used to legitimise policies that operate to exclude many Roma. Roma are pitched as the ‘problem’ and blamed for the exclusion they face, which is used to fuel further negative stereotypes about the community. Finally this chapter looks at the impact and consequences of institutional racism and exclusion, and Roma responses to this exclusion. It argues that it is crucial to acknowledge systematic structural inequalities and to institutionalise substantive equality to progress Roma rights in Ireland.

The earliest written poetry in Ireland is mediated through a Christian lens. Monasticmanuscripts reveal rich strata of pre-Christian myths and poetic forms that bleed intoChristian content, potentially disrupting the intended orthodoxy. These texts display aknotwork of pagan and Christian elements, equally alert to the natural world and theincarnational word.  A delight in the materiality of the word, in the miraculous powerof the manuscript, is a distinctive feature of this early poetry, and tells us somethingabout the high status of the poet in traditional Gaelic society. The preservation ofGaelic myths and values by monastic scribes provided Revivalist poets like Yeatswith a pre-Christian Irish identity rooted in the power of nature, and allowed Yeats tofind a way to be Irish and not Catholic. The pagan world kicks back against Christianorthodoxy again in the work of later poets, including Patrick Kavanagh, AustinClarke, and Paula Meehan.

This chapter demonstrates that the widespread belief that the upper-class lady nurses in Nightingale’s team rapidly revolutionized nursing is a myth. It explores the Victorian gendered construction of ladies and contrasts this unrealistic depiction of upper-class women with nursing efficiency. The controversial role of Mary Stanley is analyzed in detail. Only one of the fifty secular lady nurses who volunteered was able to nurse clinically, while the trained religious nursing Sisters excelled. As well as being first class nurses, they had more stamina; proportionately more religious Sisters worked through the whole twenty-month campaign than any of the secular ladies or working-class nurses. Still, Nightingale saw the working-class nurses as the most useful. She considered the secular ladies’ work to be raising the characters of the working-class nurses rather than patient care. The chapter also explores the shift in the concept of woman’s mission. Most of the fifty lady nurses were not paid a salary, as befitted the earlier idea of a lady, but by the end of the war twelve ladies were paid salaries.

Chapter 4 focuses the discussion on Fanon’s critique of the complicity of medicine and psychiatry with the institution of colonialism. This chapter contextualizes what tend to be neglected elements of Fanon’s work and relates them to his clinical practice in illuminating ways. This chapter shows that madness and what Fanon dubs the ‘North African syndrome’ were nothing but manifestations of colonial assimilation and the attendant violence to which it gave rise as it brought about the pulverization of traditional society. The chapter ascertains how the medical establishment was employed as the instrument of coloniality and how psychiatry was implicated in the alienation of the colonized Algerians.

This chapter focuses on the domestic drivers of workers’ turn to international litigation by examining the political landscape that pushed organized labor in Turkey and the UK to seek remedies at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The chapter begins by explaining why the Court issued its most important rulings on trade union rights in response to cases from these two countries, despite the stark differences in their political and economic regimes. In both contexts, neoliberal reforms closed off domestic avenues for contestation, albeit through different mechanisms: violent repression in Turkey following the 1980 military coup, and institutional disempowerment of trade unions in the UK under Thatcher. Drawing on original data, the analysis shows that Turkey and the UK account for the largest number and the most important trade union rights cases brought before the ECtHR. The chapter challenges regime-based explanations and instead highlights how declining political opportunity structures under neoliberalism drove legal mobilization beyond the nation-state. In doing so, it sets the stage for the next chapter’s examination of how cases from these two countries helped reshape the ECtHR’s labor rights jurisprudence.

The controversial nature of Conor Cruise O’Brien’s polemical writing has had theeffect of sidelining his earlier literary criticism, in particular his engagement withseveral French Catholic writers. A more nuanced exploration of his work as a wholedisplays a complex intersection of secularism and religious feeling. O’Brien, thepublic intellectual determined to fly by the nets of political and religious doctrine,nevertheless produces work saturated with religious language, forms, and structuresof feeling. His writing demonstrates a tension between his secularism and hisrepeated return to the language of suffering, sacrifice, heresy, and schism. O’Brien’sfamily history, with its traumatic relationship to events during the violent formation ofthe Irish state, is a helpful lens through which to view this emotional substratumwithin his writings.  His later writings emphasise the forces in his life that resistedcategorization, and thus offer a kind of apophatic vision, a dark enlightenment.

The Greek tragedy that unfolded during the eurozone crisis (2010–15) was the height of a period of ‘high neoliberalism’ that has been particularly prevalent since 1992. This dynamic has been visible in Europe in four specific areas, namely 1) the global rise of neoliberalism (including in internet regulation), 2) the Single Market (with the liberalisation of the football market, the Bolkestein directive, the role of the Court of Justice, and legislative Darwinism), 3) competition policy (with merger control, state aid control, and the liberalisation of new sectors), and 4) the monetary union, from its miraculous beginnings to the Greek tragedy of the eurozone crisis. However, neoliberalism was not exclusive. The epic debates surrounding the Bolkestein directive led to the protection of services of general interest. The eurozone crisis triggered a belated redistribution. In competition policy as well, the older approach of ‘public interest’(which struck a balance between liberty, solidarity and community) has made a comeback in a new guise under Commissioner Vestager, in what could be called an ‘excess of market power’ approach.

This introduction presents the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book combines mainly chronological coverage of all major stages of Carol Reed's career with special attention not only to the acknowledged masterpieces but also to films that deserve re-appraisal (e.g. Outcast of the Islands, Trapeze, Oliver!) . The marked patterns of his films, crime, foreign settings, parent-child relationships, seem to indicate, either a search for or a willingness to accept commissions for films concerned with loss, destabilised or marginalised characters, and difference and otherness. These are tendencies that led Raymond Durgnat to classify Reed as 'the most imposing pessimist' of the British cinema. Reed's exploitation of the resources of film language, as well as his handling of actors and actresses to draw out extraordinary performances from major stars.

Central to the work of Fanon is a conception of history and international politics enabling nations to share the same history without losing their differences. Fanon inaugurates a new humanism which is premised on an ethics that respects difference. The conclusion shows that he was an ethical thinker: anti-racist, humanist and internationalist.