Advocacy for Post-Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) is a critical component of supporting the recovery of survivors of critical illness. Despite its importance, a shared understanding of PICS advocacy remains underrepresented in medical literature. This chapter defines PICS advocacy as an ethical commitment to patient- and caregiver-centered care, encompassing three key dimensions: supporting individuals living with PICS, promoting awareness and prevention within medical and lay communities, and advancing the science surrounding this condition. Current advocacy efforts occur across various levels, including local communities, national organizations, and global collaborations. Central to these efforts is awareness, facilitated by a growing array of educational resources such as books, podcasts, and websites. However, PICS advocacy can further benefit from large-scale public awareness campaigns modeled after successful initiatives by organizations like the American Heart Association and the American Cancer Society. These efforts could amplify public understanding and drive systemic change. Individuals are encouraged to take an active role in PICS advocacy, and this chapter offers practical strategies for engagement. By empowering individuals to champion PICS awareness and support, the healthcare community can foster a more inclusive approach to addressing this condition. Advocacy for PICS is not just a responsibility–it is an opportunity to transform care and improve outcomes for survivors and their families.

This book argues that literary representations of Wales and the Welsh played a pivotal role in eighteenth-century and Romantic-era reinventions of Britishness. The long eighteenth century was a transformative period for British cultural identity. Acts of Union with Scotland (in 1707) and later with Ireland (in 1800) necessitated a redefinition of Britain’s national identity; during the same period, the United Kingdom’s rapid accession to global hegemony prompted writers to reconceive Britishness as innately imperial. In this period of flux, Anglophone writers from England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and beyond repeatedly turned to Wales and Welshness in order to legitimate their ideas of what British identity was, had been, and should become. Wales, Romanticism, and the Making of Imperial Culture builds upon a large body of excellent scholarship examining eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writing from Wales by placing it in conversation with critical explorations of more frequently studied British literature. It contends that Wales and Welshness became flashpoints in the vexed cultural project of establishing a coherent national and imperial identity.

Climate finance has grown significantly in recent years, reaching $1.8 trillion in 2023. However, this remains insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement's temperature goals, particularly with net-zero emissions by 2050 requiring an annual investment of $5 trillion. Current investments in renewable energy remain lower than those in fossil fuels, contributing to a substantial global investment gap. While redirecting investments from carbon-intensive sectors could reduce this gap, the remaining shortfall is still projected at 2 percent to 3 percent of global GDP annually. Emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs), face greater financial constraints in addressing climate challenges, with most climate finance concentrated in developed regions and China. Despite sufficient liquidity in global capital markets, private sector contributions to climate finance in these regions remain low, often due to limited fiscal space and financing access. Innovative financing solutions and public–private partnerships are critical to mobilize the necessary resources for green investments and climate adaptation in these vulnerable regions.

Delirium, which is an important risk factor for post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), is common during critical illness, affecting between 20% and 80% of patients. It is associated with numerous adverse outcomes, including longer time on mechanical ventilation, longer time in the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital, death, and long-term cognitive impairment. Delirium in the ICU can be reliably detected using multiple tools, including the Confusion Assessment Method in the ICU (CAM-ICU) and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). The exact cause of delirium, however, remains elusive even though there are many purported mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, metabolic insufficiency, neuronal dysfunction, and neurotransmitter disturbances. Due to knowledge gaps regarding the mechanism(s) of delirium, effective medical treatments for delirium also remains elusive. Current practice involves the prevention of delirium through the recognition and management of modifiable risk factors. The well-studied ABCDEF bundle is one such strategy, which is primarily non-pharmacologic, to prevent or mitigate delirium and thus limit its adverse outcomes. Unfortunately, delirium still occurs at a high rate, and the work to understand the underlying mechanism and its varied manifestations and to develop an effective treatment continues.

Emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) face significant obstacles in attracting the capital necessary to achieve climate and development goals, requiring at least $1 trillion annually for a successful green transition. Investment needs escalate further when adaptation and resilience measures are included, placing vulnerable populations at greater risk despite their minimal contributions to climate change. Current climate financing to EMDEs is insufficient, primarily public, focused on mitigation over adaptation, and often delivered as debt. Barriers such as high credit risk and regulatory uncertainties exacerbate the investment gap. Thus, private sector engagement is crucial to meet the Paris Agreement targets. Innovative financial strategies, including blended finance, can mobilize private capital by using concessional funds to enhance project viability. A coordinated global approach, involving partnerships among governments, international financial institutions, and the private sector, is essential for effectively addressing climate investment needs and fostering sustainable development in EMDEs.

Abstract: Drawing on the findings and examples from the various chapters, this conclusion argues that there is significant untapped potential for a greater role for international adjudication in the international society. In particular, developments in the law of state immunity may give rise to judicially legitimised seizing by states of assets of other states and even arrests of their state officials. In particular fields, legal mechanisms are being developed that mobilise the coercive apparatus of states to apply measures of constraint against other states, their assets, and their leaders. Though these mechanisms remain rare, they provide a glimpse into the possible operation of an international order characterised by judicially guided, coercively enforceable international law.

This chapter looks at claims to understanding. It begins by looking at the system I have worked on, the lamprey spinal cord locomotor circuit, and claims that circuit function and behaviour can be understood in terms of the interactions of spinal cord nerve cells. I highlight that the claims to experimental confirmation actually reflect various assumptions and extrapolations and that the claimed understanding is lacking. I then look at the Nobel Prize winning work on the Aplysia gill withdrawal reflex, making the same conclusion as the lamprey, various assumptions and extrapolations are used to claim causal links, and in doing this commit various logical fallacies, including confusing correlation for causation and begging the question. I finish by looking at hippocampal long-term potentiation and claims it is the cellular basis of memory, again highlighting that the claimed links have not been made.

Pediatric critical illness survival has soared in high-income countries while intensive care infrastructure is improving in lower- and middle-income countries. The framework of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome- pediatrics (PICS-p) encompasses new impairments in cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and family health of the critically ill child across the developmental span. Notably caregivers and siblings may additionally experience PICS-p as a result of their relationship with critically ill children. Single or multi-domain impairments occur in the face of pre-existing, ICU-based, and post-ICU risk factors and may be long-lasting and affect development. Prevention and treatment interventional evidence is growing but key knowledge gaps and validation trials are lacking.

Abstract: This chapter explores the role and limitations of judicial authority within the horizontal structure of international law. Unlike domestic courts within hierarchical systems, international courts (ICs) are not connected to centralised enforcement apparatuses and thus lack coercive power (‘potestas’). ICs rely instead on auctoritas – their ability to shape interpretations – to mobilise the pro-compliance forces in the international order. Authoritative communications reduce interpretative uncertainty, establish normative focal points, and act as a catalyst for sanctioning mechanisms. ICs may legitimise or mobilise sanctions across multiple layers of international law enforcement, including bilateral responses, third-party enforcement, and sanctions applied or authorised by international institutions. Through its expressive component, adjudicative authority not only impacts actors who willingly accept an adjudicator’s legitimacy; it also changes the strategic normative environment in which all actors operate.

After discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU), it is often assumed that a patient’s appetite, weight, and nutritional status will return to premorbid levels with minimal intervention. Malnutrition is common following critical illness, and multiple barriers exist to nutrition rehabilitation following hospital discharge, which are often recognized and understood in this vulnerable patient population. Such barriers include appetite and weight loss, early satiety, gastrointestinal disturbances, altered taste and smell, dysphagia, and the constellation of physical, functional, cognitive, and psychosocial challenges known as the post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). Registered dietitians (RD) can direct the continuity of nutrition care essential to supporting recovery from critical illness, with the goal of helping patients regain muscle mass, strength, and independence. Education and partnership with the patient, family, and medical team are required for the best outcomes in nutrition recovery. Nutrition rehabilitation will be explored after discharge from the hospital by addressing the barriers and strategies to guide the patient toward success.

The eighth chapter of Invisible Fatherland concludes the book with an analysis of the anthology German Unity, German Freedom, published by the Reichszentrale für Heimatdienst (RfH) in July 1929. Conceived as a school prize for Constitution Day, this richly illustrated and carefully bound “memorial book” (Gedenkbuch) weaves the histories of diverse and often antagonistic subcultures into a shared memory. The strength of this “anthological museum” (Barbara M. Benedict) lies in its inclusive approach. Framing this inclusivity as a strength, the volume’s editor described its multivocality as a history “rich in contradictions.” Yet, by aiming for the broadest measure of representation, the anthology also destabilized the political boundaries of Weimar democracy. This chapter thus underscores that securing liberal democracy’s greatest strength – its inclusivity and openness – depends on sustained collective commitment to the democratic project.

A framing case study discusses child workers in Bolivia. Then the chapter provides an overview of international human rights law. The chapter first discusses the historical origins of the human rights movement and the multilateral and regional human rights systems. Then it outlines major physical integrity rights, including laws that prohibit genocide, ethnic cleansing, torture, and human trafficking. It next turns to major civil and political rights, including the right to free expression, assembly, and association, various religious protections, and criminal justice rights. Finally, it examines major economic, social, and cultural rights, including rules about labor, economic and social assistance, cultural rights, and the rights of marginalized groups, like women, children, and the disabled.