When its armies were finally defeated in May 1945, the vaunted Third Reich lay in waste and smoldering ruin. The air was foul, the cities ablaze, the countryside blighted; forests, fields, and rivers were blasted and defiled. Adolf Hitler, the messianic Führer or leader of the nation, had promised his people a thousand years of prosperity and peace. Instead his 12-year reign left nothing but desolation. Across Europe, the trail of German forces stank with the wreckage of shattered communities, ravaged landscapes, and exterminated lives. The destruction that Nazi Germany inflicted on the continent was unparalleled in human as well as environmental terms.

This chapter examines the arguments Robert Adcock and David Collier developed in their 1999 and 2001 essays “Democracy and Dichotomies” and “Measurement Validity.” He encourages conversation across methodological communities and explores how “dubious dualisms” hinder such conversation. Specifically, the chapter critically explores both the qualitative/quantitative dualism Adcock and Collier engaged and the positivist/interpretive dualism emphasized in certain responses to their articles. The chapter argues that leaving both dualisms behind can help us to rethink shared standards, not as a denial of methodological differences but as the pursuit of a network of bridges across these differences.

The medical profession, often seen as a bastion of healing, is itself wounded by sexual harassment and abuse. This chapter delves into the experiences of doctors who have suffered sexual trauma, highlighting the silent struggles and complex barriers that prevent them from seeking help.

Survivors often grapple with feelings of shame, fear of retaliation, and a lack of understanding of their own experiences as trauma. The chapter emphasizes the importance of breaking the silence surrounding sexual harassment and abuse in medicine. Survivors can regain agency by understanding and incorporating their trauma into their own personal and professional narrative, as long as they are supported with wise therapists who are able to help them do so. Healing not only benefits individual doctors but also improves the overall culture within the medical profession.

The bibliography on ancient Greek democracy is vast, although recent trends suggest it may have peaked, at least for now. What follows is necessarily selective. When it comes to overviews of ancient Greek politics and society, for scope, ambition, vivacity, and theoretical sophistication, it is difficult to top de Ste. Croix 1981, a towering life’s work. Everyone should read it, even if only to disagree with it. In a similar vein is Cartledge 2018, focused on democracy specifically. It reaches different conclusions from the ones offered here, in particular regarding the Hellenistic period, but is forceful and engaging. Meier 1990 remains excellent on Greek politics in general. Davies 1993 and O’Neil 1995 are overviews of ancient Greek democracy concentrating on the Classical period. Ma 2024 appeared only after the present manuscript was completed. While I have not been able to incorporate references to this impressive achievement throughout the text, the reader should be aware that it is one of the strongest arguments yet for seeing genuinely democratic practices down through the period of the high Empire (second century ce and beyond).

By 1200, clerks might face homicide charges before royal and church courts. Both jurisdictions recognised similar homicide charges: intentional killing; complicity; self-defence; and accidental death. It has long been argued that English common law was separate from continental Roman and canon law. But this chapter shows that common law and canon law display striking similarities in theory and practice when dealing with homicide charges. This was arguably not a matter of coincidence or ‘common sense’ (Hurnard) but a result of canon law influence on common law; both formed a common legal culture, at least regarding homicide. The only outlier was judicial homicide, a charge only applied to clergy before church jurisdiction and concerning involvement in secular law penalties of death and mutilation. This exception aside, the chapter systematically compares canon and common law theory and practice on each homicide charge. For legal practice, it draws on both royal and church court records and papal penitentiary petitions to exonerate clergy from homicide, which are remarkably similar in their argumentation and narratives to common law jury recommendations for royal pardons for homicide.

David Collier’s work on measurement validity and methods of validation establishes a baseline understanding that still largely describes the state of theory and practice. Scholars have developed some new ideas, and real-world conditions have changed in ways that shift the picture in subtle but important ways, but the road map that Collier’s work set up remains a useful guide to the landscape. There may well be sufficient differences between the ethnographic and interpretive measurement methods that have gained intellectual ground in recent years, in comparison with the more established case-based tradition, to potentially divide the tradition in two. The availability of large, complex data sets through digital distribution pushes scholars toward statistical techniques and, in particular, toward more generalized measurement hypotheses – a trend that leads to good research but also produces some losses. There may be opportunities for research that brings case-based techniques back in to ground these methods in more specificity, although the challenge of how to do this efficiently will demand serious methodological work. Finally, the text-as-data tradition shows scholars who have run ahead of the methodological literature in terms of mixing methods across measurement traditions and the qualitative/quantitative divide.

This chapter identifies three distinct benefits of organized sports. Basic benefits are the physical and emotional benefits of sports that flow to all participants. Special benefits are the tangible and intangible rewards that flow only to the winners. Group benefits are the self-esteem and social-status benefits that nonparticipants receive from seeing a member of their group celebrated. The chapter argues that at the recreational and early childhood levels, the values governing the basic benefits of sports should drive eligibility rules and transgender girls should be included. At the elite level of varsity high school and college sports, the values governing special and group benefits should drive eligibility rules and transgender girls should be included, except where transgender athletes dominate the winner’s circle.

The Introduction justifies a new history of ancient Greek democracies based on the proliferation of new archaeological discoveries, advances in scholarship, and the need for an up-to-date synthesis. Democracy was not limited to Classical Athens (480–323 BCE) but spread throughout the Greek world over the fourth through second centuries BCE. Ancient Greek democracies represent a phenomenon specific to the historical and cultural context of the ancient Mediterranean, but they still have much to teach us today.

Over the last 30 years, a number of possible definitions of Sobolev and BV spaces in the metric setting have been proposed by various authors, and a priori it is not known whether they are equivalent. In this monograph, we decided to work with the definition of Newtonian spaces proposed by Shanmugalingam. In this appendix, we present several other approaches present in the literature and comment on their relationship and dependence on the exponent. The first general result concerning the equivalence of the most common definitions of Sobolev spaces was proved by Ambrosio, Gigli, and Savaré in the case p > 1; similar results were subsequently shown for the BV spaces and for the Sobolev space with exponent equal to one. To give a complete historical overview, we present here several variants of definitions and several equivalence results. We also discuss the dependence of the minimal p-weak upper gradient on the exponent. Throughout this appendix, as in the whole monograph, we assume that the metric space is complete, separable, and equipped with a non-negative Borel measure which is finite on bounded subsets.

Advocacy is a broad term, arising from the Latin word ‘advocare’ meaning ‘coming to the aid of someone’. Implied in this definition is the concept of lending one’s own power to the cause of another. The power to direct the goals of any advocacy effort should remain with the individual or group that will benefit from the advocacy campaign. Advocacy can be misdirected if the voices of the individuals for whom advocacy is sought do not speak, or are not sufficiently heard.

Many of the authors in this book have shared their experiences advocating for change. In this chapter, we will explore how advocacy can occur by examining where within the system advocacy efforts can be directed, the process of planning, implementing and evaluating advocacy, and how an individual can determine where to focus their efforts. We will also draw on examples from various authors, illustrating how and why they undertake their work, and the lessons they have learned through their advocacy journeys.