This chapter has been written by one of the researchers from a qualitative study on sexual harassment in medicine (Louise Stone), a doctor with lived experience of sexual harassment in medicine, Yoo Young (Dominique) Lee, and a third editor, Elizabeth Waldron who is a researcher in psychology, with an interest in gender studies.

Louise Stone is a General Practitioner (family physician) and medical educator with expertise in mental health primary care, teaching, research and policy. She is a qualitative researcher and has been leading the research in sexual harassment in medicine for ten years.

Elizabeth is undertaking PhD studies in psychology at the Australian National University. They have a similar passion for equity and have been responsible for many of the co-ordinating tasks that have made this multicultural and multinational volume possible. All three authors believe deeply in the role of context, which shapes experience and understanding.

Yoo Young (Dominique) Lee is a radiation oncologist in Sydney and a survivor of sexual trauma. Her case is the only successful criminal prosecution of a doctor who has sexual assaulted another doctor. Her case is discussed in the chapter on Law. She has not only supplied the story in these chapters, but she has written the Foreword of this book. Her story was incorporated into our early studies in this area, and her wisdom has been central to our understanding. Her courage is inspiring.

Justo Arosemena (1817–1896), better known today as the “father of Panamanian nationalism,” was one of the most notable constitutionalist jurists in nineteenth-century Spanish America. In 1855, Arosemena published El Estado Federal de Panamá at a time when New Granada (Colombia today), of which Panama was part, was following a radical federalist trajectory – that year, he was elected as the first president of the Federal State of Panama. As a leading figure from one of the nine states that formed the Estados Unidos de Colombia in 1863, Arosemena’s voice carried weight. In the following years, he was appointed to several diplomatic posts to represent Colombia in the United States and in other Latin American countries. His credentials as a constitutionalist of hemispheric dimensions were marked by the publication of his Constituciones políticas de la América Meridional (1870), expanded and reedited in 1878 as Estudios constitucionales sobre los gobiernos de América Latina, from which we have selected the passages for our volume.

Advances in content analysis present significant opportunities for social scientists who develop and analyze concepts. This chapter introduces some basic approaches for formalizing and sharing conceptual frameworks (i.e., sets of terms, classes, properties, etc.) and demonstrates some dividends of such formalization for both scholars and their audiences in the field of comparative law. Specifically, the chapter describes an experiment in systematizing the concepts that represent ideas in national constitutions using a set of methods proposed for modern web design. In general, these machine-friendly approaches to concepts – which may be summarized as “digital semantics” – represent a natural extension of traditional concept analysis, much of which is focused on coordinating vocabulary among scholars. Since “concepts about concepts” can themselves be opaque, a glossary with key terms is appended.

Lucas Alamán (1792–1853) was a Mexican intellectual and statesman born in Guanajuato, where he witnessed the massacre of Spaniards during Miguel Hidalgo’s revolt in 1810, an event that would forever mark his conservative thinking. He studied at the Colegio de Minas in Mexico City, continuing his education in Freiburg and Göttingen. Alamán occupied several government positions, most importantly at the Ministry of Foreign Relations, until his death in 1853. He was the author of the Disertaciones sobre la historia de la República Mexicana, from which the editors have taken the current selections, and Historia de México desde los primeros movimientos que prepararon la Independencia en el año de 1808 hasta la época presente (1849–1852).

Francisco García Calderón (1883–1953) was one of the most prestigious Spanish American intellectuals during the first decades of the twentieth century, when he was considered “the best interpreter of the continent’s realities.” A Peruvian national, he was born in Valparaíso while his father (then provisional president of Peru) was held prisoner by the Chilean government following the negotiations that ended the War of the Pacific. The family returned to Peru in 1889, and settled in Lima, where García Calderón grew up. He studied philosophy and letters at the Universidad de San Marcos, graduating in 1903. He soon rose to prominence among a new generation of intellectuals, particularly when the Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó wrote the prologue of his first book De litteris (1904). In 1906, he moved with his mother and siblings to Paris, where he spent the next four decades of his life. His book Les démocraties latines de l’Amérique was first published in French with a preface by the French president Raymond Poincaré, in 1912. While some fragments of the book appeared in Spanish in 1951, the full first Spanish version was published by the Biblioteca Ayacucho in Caracas in 1979.

Surrogate produce enactments in three-dimensional surrogate spaces which depict events at times and places distinct from the here and now. Within the enactments surrogates do what people do. They do not explain what they are doing to the signer’s addressee. But by expressing their thoughts, they help an addressee understand what is happening within an enactment. At times, signers help clarify events in an enactment with brief simultaneous characterizations of what is happening in the enactment. They do not mention the physical details of the enactments because the surrogate’s gestures and facial expressions are there for an addressee to witness. Enactments frequently utilize meaningful, conventionalized handshapes. Enactments with these handshapes have apparently led to the creation of lexical forms, which include those meaningful handshapes. Their articulations also resemble the depictions from which they are derived, which makes it difficult to distinguish between the articulation of a lexical form and a gestural depiction which resembles that lexical form. Finally, the enactments provide no support for the idea that ‘role shifting’ is grammatically marked.

This chapter explores Germany’s legal relationship with European integration, particularly the interplay between the German Constitutional Court (BVerfG) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). It highlights the tension arising from the ECJ’s constitutional interpretation of European law and the role of the BVerfG in balancing constitutional requirements under the Basic Law. Predominant focus falls on the evolution of the Solange doctrine developed by the BVerfG, which conditionally accepts the ECJ’s primacy based on a theory of structural congruence - ensuring democratic accountability, rule of law, and rights protection in European governance comparable to Germany’s standards. The development of the structural congruence idea, how it came to inform the BVerfG, and its place in historical debates among German legal scholars all fall under the spotlight. It concludes that while the BVerfG has often admonished the ECJ, its critique aims to ensure a cohesive and democratic European constitutional order.

Many types of antenatal stress, not only a diagnosed mental illness, can alter fetal development with a long-lasting effect on the child. There is an increased risk of many types of neurodevelopmental disorder in the child, as well as some physical problems such as asthma, although most children are not affected; the underlying biological mechanisms include alterations in the function of the placenta, the HPA axis and immune system, and epigenetic changes in the child; the impact may be even greater in lower- and middle-income countries, with added stresses due to poverty, food insecurity and high levels of domestic violence among other factors; the implications are that the mental well-being of all pregnant women should be considered and causes of stress addressed where possible. These stresses include the relationship with the partner, pregnancy-related anxiety, exposure to a disaster, or early childhood trauma.

Published studies examining medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) in perinatal women are thin on the ground. Keyword searches of research databases bring up titles such as ‘Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology – a neglected field?’ However, whilst there is little research on this narrow topic, there is an extensive literature on MUS in other populations. This chapter draws mainly upon that literature and attempts to apply it to pregnancy and the puerperium in a way that will, it is hoped, prove clinically useful.