This chapter explores the rationale behind, and the importance of understanding, the unique profiles of each child being cared for, across early childhood settings. The purpose of this is to frame ways in which all children can be supported to achieve the best developmental, educational and wellbeing outcomes possible, now and in the future. Drawing on the principles and frameworks discussed in Chapter 1, this chapter will support further understanding of the importance of individualised care and education for every child.

This chapter examines the Aliseda Hoard discovered in southwest Spain in 1920, where it has long and widely been valued as an icon of Orientalizing goldsmithing. The original context is undocumented, and the jewelry has variously been associated with an aristocratic female burial, a hoard or a sanctuary. Renewed research allows us to reinterpret the hoard as the ‘keimelion’ of the house or aristocratic lineage of Aliseda, where it was buried in a ritual area. This was a place for celebrating spring between the seventh/sixth and fifth centuries BCE and represents the sense of locality developed on the northern periphery of Tartessos.

The concluding chapter situates the book’s findings within Tunisia’s political trajectory from 2016 to the present. Building on the deliberative practices observed between 2013 and 2016, it argues that the decline in civic and political rights was not due to the transgression of liberal norms, but rather to their top-down imposition as universal and unconditional. This imposition, coupled with the neglect of locally grounded democratic expressions, contributed to growing public disillusionment with democracy and its transformative potential. However, despite ongoing constitutional crises, government reshufflings, and authoritarian presidential rhetoric, many Tunisian citizens continue to debate what it means to live democratically. This chapter critiques dominant approaches to studying democracy, both in Tunisia and globally, and highlights the need to account for democratic practices that exceed institutional frameworks. It calls for a deeply social understanding of democracy, one that recognizes the dynamic interplay between political institutions and everyday social life.

This chapter engages with the uneasy materiality of burned human remains as distinct from the material presence of fleshed, unburned, and articulated bodies. It works against perceptions of incinerated remains that establish them as “second-rate” corporeality of the dead and argues, instead, that ashes challenge but also expand the notion of what constitutes human remains. This is especially the case when the fired-transformed remains do not result from cremation but, instead, are the outcome of a violent and purposeful destruction of the corpse. While burning constitutes a radical intervention into the material register of human remains, it rarely erases them entirely. Cutting across a spectrum of rematerializations and transformations of ashes from the Holocaust that encompass environmental encounters, memorialization, archeological interventions, display, and material dispersal, the chapter considers incinerated human remains as lively and resistant traces. It argues that ashes comprise a challenging and transformative presence, one that is acted upon and, through a myriad of practices, constituted and/or undone as human remains. At the same time, the chapter casts ashes from the Holocaust as agentive and politically expressive, and, thus, invested with the ability to challenge and defy the human-made politics of dead bodies.

Chapter 3 explores the physical and social boundaries of non-Muslim neighborhoods, which separated them from Muslim communities. It discusses both visible and invisible markers, such as dress codes and regulations activated when residents left these areas. Additional symbols of distinction included language and ritual practices. Non-Muslim schools are examined as institutions that bridged these boundaries, serving as heterotopias that encouraged interaction while enforcing discipline. The chapter also reexamines the idea of the “scapegoat” to analyze episodes of violence, especially during Moharram and Safar, highlighting how minority areas became particularly vulnerable to attack during crises like famine or political unrest.

“Communications (1971–1982)” examines the largely overlooked decade during which the Falkland Islands and Argentina were formally linked by regular air and maritime connections. This unprecedented period brought profound changes to Island life: Argentina built an airfield on the Islands, expanded its presence in Port Stanley, and promoted educational exchanges and tourism. Drawing on a newly uncovered archive, the chapter reconstructs how islanders and Argentines experienced this phase of intensified interaction and how it reshaped public opinion, diplomatic discussions, and the wider political landscape. It follows the shifting attitudes toward cooperation and negotiation across the 1970s, as seen by islanders, Argentines, British and Argentine diplomats, political elites, and the press. While moments of collaboration did emerge, the chapter shows how, by 1982, hardened positions had taken hold on both sides. These entrenched views rendered the original 1971 Communications unsustainable, and its gradual erosion contributed to the escalation that culminated in the Falklands War.

This chapter discusses the development of international law in the post-war era that aimed to liberate global information flow to guarantee world peace. It starts by discussing the achievements and failures of the 1948 Geneva conference on the freedom of information and considers two avenues in which the post-war project of freedom of information continued after the 1948 conference. First, in the drafting of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, freedom of information as a peace project became framed into a fundamental human right, displacing the question about the material and interstate aspects of freedom of information. Second, freedom of information was addressed in forums of international telecommunication and trade dominated by the United States, where freedom of information became equated with the elimination of discriminatory telecommunication rates to enable American global trade. This chapter shows a division of labour and crucial conceptual compatibility between the human rights framing and free trade framing of freedom of information and multiple fault lines surrounding the early intimation of the dual-sided framework.

This chapter examines how death and dying are perceived to be knowable and manageable through end-of-life care. Leveraging extensive ethnographic research about English palliative and end-of-life care since 2010, the author scrutinizes how policies shape perceptions and practices surrounding the care of the dying. This includes discussions on how the end of life is understood within policy, influenced by palliative care philosophy and practice, and how this influences experiences and expectations of death and dying. Through detailed descriptions, the chapter highlights the impact this has on perceptions about when dying is recognized, the centering of needs-based approaches to care, and the cultural values evident in how “good” dying and death are discussed and idealized. Contrasting policy assumptions with lived experiences, the author invites an analysis of the limits of palliative and end-of-life care as frameworks for understanding dying and death. Ultimately, the chapter emphasizes the necessity for nuanced approaches to end-of-life care, portraying dying and death as not only inescapable facets of life but also deeply entrenched in social and cultural contexts that warrant consideration.

The introduction presents the book's core puzzle of why states promote the outward investments of national firms despite the political and distributional costs of doing so. It previews a theory of globalized state-led development whereby policy-makers promote the internationalization of domestic business to pursue the structural transformation of their home economies. The chapter also describes the book's research strategy of within-country and cross-national comparisons of globalized state-led development in Brazil and China.