This chapter imposes the structure of a walking tour of Berlin’s memorial art onto the text, continuing to stage moments of individual viewing of art. My argument about the material practices of taking responsibility for restitution is turned into a grounded methodology: a shoe-on-the-footpath mode of writing. Beginning in Bebelplatz, I visit recent responses to the past as they are represented in memorial art in different areas of Berlin, including the national Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe. I visit Schöneberg where the Places of Remembrance memorial consists of signs of law from the NS regime mounted in the streetscape. I also analyse Gunter Demnig’s Stumbling-stones, which are small memorial stones set into the footpath. This chapter is a plaidoyer for paying attention to the way we craft and take responsibility for our legal landscapes through our conduct – our movement and posture – resulting from our interaction with the street and its objects.

Debates on human behavioral evolution have largely focused on African and European records, while Asia’s contribution remains underrepresented. Despite the significance of the Asian Pleistocene fossil record, its behavioral insights have been hindered by limited taphonomic research, restricted dissemination, and shifting academic trends. Many key Chinese archaeofaunal sites, particularly in karstic contexts, contain complex palimpsests that challenge traditional taphonomic methods prone to equifinality.

Advancements in artificial intelligence and computational archaeology now offer new ways to address these challenges. Machine learning classifiers, computer vision through convolutional neural networks, and 3D deep learning architectures enable precise discrimination of bone surface modifications. These techniques refine carnivore agency identification down to the taxon level and provide mathematical certainty in agency attribution, aiding in disentangling complex palimpsests.

This study highlights key Chinese archaeofaunal records, particularly Zhoukoudian, and proposes methodological approaches to improve their resolution. By integrating these cutting-edge techniques, the Asian Pleistocene record can take a more central role in discussions on early human behavioral variability. This research aims to establish a model for applying the “new taphonomy” globally, enhancing our understanding of hominin activities and their ecological contexts.

The chapter begins with a brief history of paleoclimate modeling. It first outlines the main modeling approaches and types of models used to study Quaternary climate dynamics. The hierarchy of numerical models is presented, ranging from simple (box, conceptual and 1-dimensional) models to comprehensive 3-D Earth system models. The role of models of intermediate complexity and of individual components of the Earth system in understanding past climate variability is explored. The use of different types of models to study past climate conditions and climate variability is illustrated through a number of practical examples. The methods of conducting time slice and transient experiments are compared, and their potential limitations are discussed. The chapter also explains the objective and methodology of the paleoclimate intercomparison projects and their main results.

Chapter 5 focuses on the regulation of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, or medically assisted dying. The chapter considers whether restricting access to assisted dying to people with impairments amounts to disability discrimination. It contends that any ‘right to die’ should apply no more to people with impairments, including those with life-threatening conditions, than to others. The chapter concludes that impairment-based eligibility for assisted dying legally entrenches ableism and that only disability-neutral assisted dying laws would be compatible with disability rights.

Critically ill patients require focused attention on medications both during and after their hospitalization to minimize the complications of post-intensive care syndrome. Pharmacists are optimally positioned to provide comprehensive medication services to help facilitate transitions of care from the ICU to the post-hospital setting. Pharmacists are essential to ensure that patients are educated about their medications, and that barriers to medication access and adherence can be overcome. The participation of a pharmacist in both the ICU and in an ICU follow-up clinic has consistently been demonstrated to promote safer, more cost-effective care and helps to ensure that appropriate medications are initiated, inappropriate medications are discontinued, drug-drug interactions are avoided, and adverse drug effects are identified and/or avoided altogether.

The chapter describes Quaternary glacial cycles. It begins by outlining the main empirical evidence regarding the magnitude, typical periodicity and spatial pattern of Quaternary climate variability at orbital time scales, including changes in atmospheric composition and global ice volume. The chapter explores the current understanding of the mechanisms of Quaternary glacial cycles, starting with the classical Milankovitch theory, highlighting its strengths and shortcomings, and then provides an overview of modeling work carried out with different types of models aimed at testing the theory and reproducing the reconstructed climate variability associated with glacial cycles. The role of glacial-interglacial variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the proposed mechanism of this variability are examined. The cause of the onset of Quaternary glacial cycles 2.7 million years ago and the transition from obliquity-dominated glacial cycles to the dominant 100,000-year periodicity one million years ago are discussed in relation to recent modeling results.

This chapter examines the complex artistic and social interactions between Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn on the one hand and Robert and Clara Schumann on the other, situating these interactions within the broader social and professional contexts of nineteenth-century German Romanticism. It foregrounds the asymmetries between Felix’s close and mutually affirming partnership with Clara, marked by repeated collaborations and reciprocal admiration, and his more ambivalent relationship with Robert, in which collegial respect was tempered by scepticism towards music journalism and contrasting character and social status. Drawing on correspondence, diaries, and contemporary reception, the analysis highlights how differences in social background, privilege, and institutional position structured these relationships and conditioned perceptions of authority and artistry. Particular attention is paid to Clara’s evolving professional identity, her rapport with Fanny Hensel, and Robert’s persistent negotiation of Felix’s approval. The chapter thus illuminates both the cooperative and competitive dynamics underpinning nineteenth-century German musical culture and the intersection of gender, class, and religion in shaping artistic exchange.

This chapter shifts the focus to the European Union, where effectiveness-driven arguments, including some based on failure, have been pivotal in promoting regional integration. The chapter discusses both early landmark decisions of the European Court of Justice and the role of political failure arguments in driving the Court’s expansive approach and the concept of systemic deficits in European Union law, as well as the Solange jurisprudence of the German Constitutional Court. It positions these doctrines within the functionalist interpretive framework of European Union Law. While not all of these examples strictly involve failure-based reasoning, they illustrate both the opportunities and risks of the functionalist approach to legal interpretation long dominant in EU law.

This chapter examines why people should care about the costs associated with terrorist attacks. The chapter looks at the cost of terrorism over time by looking at the cost associated with specific attacks, such as 9/11. The chapter further lays out the organization of the book.

The advancement of technology has significantly altered the characteristics of remote work in general, and cross-border remote work in particular presenting complex regulatory challenges. These challenges, with their linkage to a large set of work arrangements and locations, involve among other matters coordinating the relationship between labor law and social security legislation. An increasing number of remote workers are now able to provide services across borders, to markets and countries where they or their employers have no physical connection. As there are more employment regulations to choose from, this increases the possibility for the employer to exploit lower labor standards in other countries and avoid responsibilities towards their workers. Analysis of the literature and jurisprudence in different cases shows that new interpretations of the place of work are brought forward with the view to better protect cross-border remote workers, both in Private International Law and in Labor Law, considering the increasingly virtual nature of the workplace. However, the principle of territoriality remains a strong argument in the hands of higher courts to limit evolution in that direction.

A key source of CPC power is its control of the armed forces, which it can mobilize not just for national defence but also to preserve the regime. This chapter examines the CPC’s evolving relationship with its military wing – the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). In previous decades the PLA has enjoyed a high degree of autonomy from the CPC’s civilian leaders. The Central Military Commission (CMC), which oversees the armed forces, has maintained a status commensurate with the Politburo, partly as a result of the fragmentation of control mechanisms. Since coming to power Xi Jinping has worked to bring the armed forces under his direct authority, but it remains unclear the extent to which direct control mechanisms can be institutionalized. This chapter examines the new features of CPC–PLA relations in the Xi era.

Decision-making in oncology care is at best consequential and complex. This chapter explores a clinical ethics consultation exploring the difficult task of determining cancer directed therapy for a patient with a profound neurocognitive disability. The case highlights the ethics consultant’s and the multidisciplinary team’s missteps and failure to recognize that the true ethical question was not only “How can we ensure that this patient is treated equitably and receives the standard of care treatment,” but also “Is surgery really the right treatment option for this patient?” While disability rights activists have long proclaimed that all individuals should be granted equal access to healthcare, it is ethically permissible to tailor standards of care to meet the specific and unique needs of the patient sitting in front of you. This chapter illustrates the noble intent of clinicians and the limitations of substituted judgment in deciding for others.

Unlike previous approaches to sustainable investing, focused primarily on excluding companies from problematic sectors such as tobacco, the aim of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) integration is to incorporate the assessment of ESG characteristics within mainstream investment analysis. This aim has given rise to claims that ESG integration is not about value judgments but focuses only on neutral risk–return calculations. Against such framing, this chapter argue that various ethical concerns inevitably arise when considering the quantification process underlying the generation of data used in ESG integration approaches. Drawing on the literature related to quantification and commensuration, the chapter identifies four areas in which ethical concerns can arise: (1) the strong focus on financial materiality; (2) the aggregation of disparate and often incommensurable ESG data; (3) ESG measurement problems; and (4) the treatment of ESG data as a private good. The chapter shows how quantification processes in these four areas give cause for ethical concerns related to which aspects of sustainability are rendered visible or invisible; how power relations between different field actors are structured by quantification; and which organizations have access to the opportunities that prevailing processes of quantification afford.

This chapter focuses on the practical aspects of education, such as the organisation and funding of the classical schools. It traces the status of classical education as a public institution in the late imperial period, during the transformations of the fifth century, and within the early barbarian successor kingdoms. The chapter begins by establishing the extent of direct involvement of the imperial government in education, arguing that cities and individuals had always played a far more important role in patronising and funding classical schools. It then considers opportunities for ‘graduates’ of classical schools in late and post-imperial Gaul, the crucial difference between literacy and literary education, and emphasises the important connection between classical education and structures of power that promote and demand literary training.