Survival requires regulation of water and salt content. Loss of fluid from cellular or extracellular triggers drinking. However, a palatable taste can override homeostasis. A satiety signal is generated by oral and gastric factors in combination with absorption from the gut. Specialized cells in the brain (‘osmoreceptors’) detect hydration of the extracellular fluid. Other receptors are sensitive to blood volume. In addition to incentive motivation, there appears to be a negative reinforcement from the aversiveness of dehydration. Feeding and drinking interact. Dehydration causes a reduction in the amount of food ingested. Food intake can influence water intake. If hungry but not thirsty rats are given small food pellets at, say, every 90 seconds, they drink very large amounts of fluid: ‘schedule-induced polydipsia’. Sodium appetite is associated with hedonic hotspots. Potassium appetite relies upon a learned association between the taste of a food and restoration of potassium levels.

In the spring of 1964, just before the opening of the Olympic Games in Tokyo, the French government made the exceptional decision to loan the Venus de Milo to Japan. Some 1,750,000 people were able to admire the famous statue in Tokyo and Kyoto, many of them only after waiting in line for hours. At the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art, where it was displayed from May 21 until June 25, the average number of visitors reached 24,700 per day, a figure comparable to the daily number of admissions at the Louvre Museum. Only the Tutankhamun exhibition presented the following year, again in Tokyo and Kyoto, attracted larger crowds.1 What are we to make of the attraction that the Greco-Roman patrimony has exerted not only in Japan, but also, more recently, in Korea, China, and Singapore? From a European point of view, there is a great risk in seeing this interest as an homage to Western civilization, indeed as a recognition of its superiority. A kind of condescending self-satisfaction creeps in: “They admire us. That’s perfectly normal, of course. But don’t they see that they demean themselves by behaving in this manner? And all the more since they cannot understand.

So much patience for so little gain ... ” The embarrassment that is felt in the West at how much trouble other nations have gone to to appreciate the culture of antiquity is associated with a paradoxical sentiment, namely, that Greece is the place where the human mind achieved its fundamental liberty, but that this place belongs to “us.” The freedom that was first discovered in Greece points toward autonomy, but it is under copyright – as though the people of the West were to say, “Feel free to feel free, but don’t forget to pay the fees you owe us!”

This chapter examines the impact of corpus linguistics on lexicography, reporting on how the use of large corpora of authentic texts has revolutionized dictionary compilation and given rise to novel types of dictionaries. It describes the shift from crafting dictionary entries with the aid of manually curated citation slips to the utilization of corpora and corpus software in contemporary lexicographical practices. These include the analysis of word frequencies to assist in headword selection and the vocabulary of definitions, the identification of lexical collocations and syntactic patterns to show how words are used in context, and the selection of example sentences to illustrate typical usage. The chapter then provides practical examples of how lexicographers use corpus frequencies, collocations, and concordances. Finally, the chapter considers the future of corpus-based dictionaries in the light of recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), reporting on a study by Lew (2023) that compares entries from the corpus-driven COBUILD dictionary of English with entries generated by ChatGPT 3.5 in response to prompts engineered by an expert lexicographer. The chapter’s conclusion posits that although AI will inevitably shape the future of lexicography, corpora and expert human feedback remain essential for maintaining the integrity and reliability of lexical resources.

Throughout U.S. history, women have served and participated in war efforts in both official and unofficial capacities, playing central roles in furthering U.S. war aims and achieving the mission at hand. At times, military authorities have acknowledged women’s unofficial contributions by offering payment for services and access to postwar benefits. Military leaders have also recognized the value of servicewomen when personnel needs required them. Since the end of the Vietnam War-era draft in 1973, the U.S. armed forces have gradually opened military occupation specialties, including combat positions, to women. Yet in the civilian world and within the military ranks, resistance to women’s service remained steady over the decades. Critics have cited unit cohesion and readiness as reasons to keep women out of the forces, and they have also made cultural arguments grounded in the links between gender, power, and military service to oppose the mobilization of women. Although U.S. military leaders have opened opportunities for women due to pragmatic needs for personnel, Americans have held on to the notion that soldiers are men, and women belong on the homefront.

The introduction provides a road map to the book, explaining key concepts such as “quota refugees,” Jews in Germany since 1990, and German Jewish relations more broadly, including the role of art and literature in memory contests since 1990. The rationale for the inclusion of the many texts under discussion is contextualized with an overview of current scholarly debates, such as the debate on “multidirectional memory,” as well as the more divisive conversations on Israel and Zionism especially after October 7, 2023. Additionally, concepts such as reader response theory, the importance of multilingualism, and Jewish–Muslim relations are explored. Ultimately, theintroduction shows how and why literature matters in the German Holocaust remembrance discourse, at a time when live Holocaust survivor testimony is no longer available, and when German society is inflected by other voices, predominantly Muslim.

We introduce the Green function for scalar and vectorial electromagnetic fields. The link with the density of states is detailed. Normal modes and their orthogonality are considered. The Dirac notation is introduced with application to the propagator and Dyson’s equation. The concepts of transfer and scattering matrices are illustrated.

This chapter examines the cultural and philosophical affinities between William Burroughs and the punk movement of the 1970s–90s, beyond the familiar “godfather of punk” label. Guy Stevenson argues that Burroughs’ deeply anti-humanist, anti-romantic aesthetic resonated with punk’s rejection of 1960s idealism, particularly through shared interests in nihilism, satirical obscenity, and avant-garde techniques like the cut-up method. Tracing Burroughs’ influence on figures from Patti Smith and Iggy Pop to Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood, the chapter highlights his centrality to punk’s fusion of art, fashion, and political provocation. Burroughs emerges as both a prophetic critic of the counterculture he helped launch and a creative touchstone for a later generation disillusioned with its perceived hypocrisies. Punk’s Situationist roots and media-savvy irony are shown to mirror Burroughs’ own experiments in language, identity, and control, positioning him as a crucial, if ambivalent, figure in the evolution of Anglo-American radical aesthetics.

Nurses can find themselves working within teams containing health professionals from other disciplines. Cultural safety of the tangata whaiora and their whānau (family) needs to be the collective goal of the team. Providing services and collaborating in mana-enhancing ways ensure practice is cohesive and culturally safe for all stakeholders: the team, community and tangata whaiora as determined by the person and their whānau. Cultural safety must be addressed systemically so that workers understand what is required of them. Resources that support this systematic approach include equity frameworks, anti-racism initiatives, legalisation, organisational policies and procedures, regulatory bodies, professional organisations, codes of ethics, standards and competencies. Being cognisant of the requirements for allied health professionals and the team to provide culturally safe services ensures accountabilities for all.

This chapter explores three kinds of unsupervised task: clustering, density estimation and dimensionality reduction. Cluster analysis aims to group similar observations together. The K-means algorithm does this by repeatedly reassigning each point to the nearest cluster centre, reducing or maintaining the clustering inertia at each step. Density estimation involves learning a probabilistic model of a data-generating process. Gaussian mixture models represent the distribution as a weighted sum of multivariate normal components. The EM algorithm fits these models by alternating between assigning each component a responsibility for each point and updating component locations using responsibility-weighted averages. Cross-entropy measures how well an estimated density approximates the true one and is minimised when the two match. Dimensionality reduction compresses data into a lower-dimensional latent space via an encoder, with a decoder reconstructing the original data. Principal component analysis uses linear encoder–decoder pairs to minimise reconstruction error, offering a simple yet powerful form of dimensionality reduction.

This chapter repositions William Burroughs as a radical environmental thinker whose apocalyptic visions and experimental prose provide an oblique but vital contribution to ecocriticism. Steen Ledet Christiansen argues that Burroughs’ work – particularly Naked Lunch, The Exterminator, and the Nova trilogy – challenges the limits of environmental representation through stylistic rupture, linguistic sabotage, and the dissolution of the human subject. Burroughs’ toxic narrative landscapes, cut-up methods, and critique of linguistic determinism reveal the entanglement of language, ideology, and environmental degradation. Far from a conventional ecological writer, Burroughs destabilizes anthropocentric frameworks and anticipates posthumanist theories by framing language itself as a viral, controlling force. His fractured narratives expose the environmental imagination to new modes of seeing and being, making him an unlikely but essential figure in rethinking literature’s role in the Anthropocene.

We introduce the Ising model and spin glass theory. The fundamental concepts of replicas and the landscape of the replica symmetry breaking transition are reviewed. Paradigmatic models such as the Edwards–Anderson and Sherrington–Kirkpatrick Hamiltonians are analyzed. The Parisi ansatz and its consequences (in terms of the phase diagram) are discussed.

This chapter begins by introducing remuneration – as a term encompassing both compensation corresponding to the work an international official performs and benefits addressing their personal circumstances – as integral to the treaty-based obligation upon international organizations to secure staff possessing the highest standards of efficiency and technical competence, with due regard to recruitment on as wide a geographical basis as possible. Second, the legal principles of remuneration are identified, namely: (1) Compensation must secure staff of the highest standard; and (2) Pay must be equal for equivalent work. Third, two attendant legal duties of remuneration are considered, namely: (1) Benefits must ensure geographic diversity; and (2) Remuneration revision methodology must be objective. Fourth, the practice of tax reimbursement is examined. Fifth, and in conclusion, this employment law of remuneration at international organizations is restated.