The Doctrine of Discovery, rooted in 15th-century papal bulls, entitled the European nations of Spain, Portugal and England and the Catholic Church to claim Indigenous lands globally, justifying settler-colonial expansion based on their presumed superiority. The British Crown used this doctrine to assert sovereignty over newly discovered territories and and engaged with Māori by signing the Treaty of Waitangi / Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Colonisation has had – and continues to have – severe and detrimental impacts on Indigenous peoples worldwide. This brief overview of the Doctrine of Discovery provides a starting point for an exploration of the events leading up to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi / Te Tiriti o Waitangi, its impacts on Māori, its relevance today, and what it means for health practitioners.

Timothy S. Murphy explores William Burroughs’ oeuvre as a “singularity” in three overlapping senses: aesthetic uniqueness, philosophical resistance to generalization, and cosmological metaphor. Burroughs’ cut-up novels – Naked Lunch, The Nova Trilogy, and beyond – embody a form of narrative experimentation that resists categorization and disrupts conventional literary logic. Drawing on concepts from astrophysics, Murphy aligns Burroughs’ work with the disruptive force of black holes, novae, and supernovae. Through a close reading of the trilogy’s stellar metaphors, especially the figure of Mr. Bradly Mr. Martin, Murphy argues that Burroughs anticipates a model of narrative that is both destructive and generative – annihilating fixed identities and control structures while offering the possibility of linguistic and ontological renewal. The “Burroughs singularity,” codenamed WSB X-1, represents a continual feedback loop between collapse and creation, producing texts as unstable, irradiated, and transformative as the cosmic phenomena they metaphorically invoke.

Throughout human history, individuals with impairments have encountered significant challenges, often living in hardship with limited opportunities for social, economic and cultural participation. Societies have responded to impairment with superstition and prejudice, which have contributed to marginalisation and exclusion. Disability identity is a complex concept; for some, it is a personal journey, while for others, it represents a political statement. Māori do not typically identify with the Western biomedical notion of disability. Instead, they prefer to frame their experiences through a cultural lens, using terms such as whānau hauā or Mana whaikaha. However, it is important to acknowledge that the term Mana whaikaha was introduced without broad consultation within the Māori disabled community. Other iwi and hapū may have their own terms; Māori should be free to self-identify in ways that align with their lived realities, without imposed terminology.

Drawing on archival sources from Paribas as well as published statements from bank chairmen Jean-Yves Haberer, Michel François-Poncet and André Lévy-Lang, this chapter examines Paribas in the European economy of the 1980s and 1990s, the evolution of the bank’s business strategy amid the macroeconomic changes of market integration and market openings, and the bank’s perspectives on the Single Market and banking regulation in European economic governance. If carmakers like Volkswagen and BMW expressed enthusiasm about the business opportunities of the Single Market Program for their supply chains, production, and distribution and even supported the EEC’s efforts to develop environmental regulations, merchant banks like Paribas seemed rather ambivalent and even directly opposed to the regulatory and social dimensions of market integration through their lobbying efforts and business interest associations. In the early 1990s, the opening of Central and Eastern Europe presented new investment and growth opportunities making Paribas much more interested in business opportunities in Central and Eastern Europe, the “CEE,” than in the business environment of the EEC and its Single Market.

We review the role of electromagnetic modes in laser cavities. We introduce some ideas that are preliminary to describe the glassy behavior of light. We analyze laser fluctuations and the thermodynamic description in multimode systems. The Fokker–Planck equation for lasers is discussed.

This chapter provides a critical overview of how L2 researchers have used measures of lexical and phraseological complexity, with a special focus on their definition and operationalization. Lexical and phraseological complexity are often measured in terms of diversity (the number of different words or multi-word units respectively) and sophistication (the number of ‘sophisticated’ words or multi-word units, with ‘sophisticated’ variously understood as less frequent, more specialized, or in the case of phraseological sophistication, as more strongly associated word combinations). With the development of natural language processing (NLP) tools such as the Lexical Complexity Analyzer (Lu, 2012) or the Tool for the Automatic Analysis of Lexical Sophistication (Kyle et al., 2018), L2 researchers can now analyze lexical complexity in L2 English texts using dozens or even hundreds of measures with a click of a button. However, unresolved questions remain: How accurate, reliable, and valid are these measures across learner samples and research contexts? Can they assess L2 proficiency across registers? How should measures be selected from the many available? By contrast, do the current, limited set of measures of phraseological complexity represent the full construct, or is there a need to develop for further development?

Chapter 2 describes several of the best-known models of motivation. It reveals an evolution over time in some of these models from simple to more complex. It starts by describing the homeostatic model of motivation and set-points. It argues that, under certain limited conditions, this fits reality. However, where it breaks down is in explaining drinking and feeding in the absence of any deficit. An incentive-based model can account for this feature of behaviour as well as the homeostatic aspect. The chapter describes the hydraulic model of motivation proposed by Konrad Lorenz and shows where it fits (e.g. an intrinsic motivation to act) and does not fit the evidence. The model of Lorenz is linked in the chapter to the issue of what is reinforcing. In addition to such things as the acquisition of food or water, behaviour itself has a certain reinforcement potential. The final section of Chapter 2 evaluates the opponent-process theory of motivation.

This chapter introduces a set of real frictions that affect how the representative household values streams of consumption. Habit persistence (in consumption), as the name implies, modifies the canonical real business cycle model by inducing habits that make it costly (in utility terms) for the representative household to make large adjustments in its consumption stream. In a second step, the chapter shows how preference shocks -- to the marginal utility of consumption or leisure -- can be introduced to the canonical real business cycle model.

We describe the experimental observation of replica symmetry breaking in random lasers. We review the definition and meaning of the overlap distribution in conventional and disordered laser systems. The transition of the Parisi distribution observed in experiments is then detailed.

Burroughs’ writing is widely interpreted to depict existence in terms of universal addiction, and a fight against it. This chapter shows the extent to which drug use in his life and work lies outside this simplistic model. His ‘Algebra of Need’ polemics are shown to belong to a specific period, and an account of his career with drugs outlines his opiate use; his excursion into hallucinogens, notably yagé, as psychic exploration; and his chosen literary precursors, notably De Quincey. Burroughs became more comfortable with his dependency in later life, and he finally emphasizes drug use, particularly in an American historical context, as a libertarian political issue. The chapter notes his depiction of drug experience as a potentially valuable subjective space, together with nostalgia and dreaming, and suggests that a common denominator throughout his changing stances on drugs is freedom: not only from addiction, but from the body, and from social control.

Exploration involves gathering and assimilating information. Exploratory motivation and play are linked. Curiosity is associated with novelty seeking. Links are described with boredom. The orienting reflex is a form of exploratory behaviour. Exploratory behaviour involves whole-body movement. High levels of fear are antagonist to exploratory behaviour. The link with latent learning and cognitive maps is described. Problems with the application of drive theory to exploratory behaviour are discussed. The link to competence is discussed. Exploration acts in a hierarchical mode of control, involving incentive salience attribution. The chapter discusses the neuroscience of exploration (e.g. the hippocampus). Motivation of exploration involves the pathway from the VTA to the NAcc, which is excited by novelty. An amplification of exploratory motivation is seen in sensation seeking. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the developmental factors that underlie exploratory motivation. A focus is upon the role of environmental complexity in individual differences.