Corpus-based analyses of grammatical variation and use focus on two major goals: (1) accounting for the distributional patterns of grammatical features across texts and varieties (adopting a text-linguistic approach) and (2) accounting for the contextual factors that allow us to predict and understand the choice among related grammatical variants (adopting a variationist approach). The present chapter begins by describing the goals of each line of research, followed by an explanation of the differing methods required to achieve those goals. Major publications that have adopted each approach are described in more detail. Then, building on this background, the chapter presents a case study that employs both approaches. The text-linguistic analysis focuses on the extent to which different genitive features are used in different registers. And the variationist analysis focuses on the contextual factors that influence the choice among genitive variants (′s, of, and nouns as noun-phrase pre-modifiers).

The present chapter discusses the concept of register from a diachronic perspective. While our examples are mainly taken from English, the general points remain valid for historical corpus linguistics as a whole. An initial survey demonstrates the importance of the register factor in historical corpus linguistics. We discuss the choice between comparability and representativeness in corpus design as well as the challenges caused by the absence of some registers during part of the recorded history of a language and the dearth of texts from some registers that did exist. We also introduce ways in which the spoken interaction of the past can be approached via speech-related registers and the different insights that can be gained through studying single linguistic features as well as the co-occurrence of several features. After this survey, we provide a more detailed account of a case study where the register concept turned out to be of crucial importance as a determinant of language variation and change: not-contraction in nineteenth-century English. The chapter concludes with some remarks on envisaged future developments in the field.

In the context of their link with motivation, Chapter 6 discusses affect, pleasure, reward, wanting and liking. The theme throughout Chapter 6 is the distinction between wanting, and liking. Although they are distinct, they are interactive in that liking something feeds back to increase wanting of it. Pure ‘liking’ in the absence of ‘wanting’ is measured by the taste-reactivity test. This test can be used to evaluate the anhedonia theory of dopamine proposed by Wise (1982). Hedonic hotspots and hedonic cold spots in the brain are identified. The chapter provides evidence for non-conscious pleasures in humans. The implications of the disruption of dopaminergic neurotransmission in Parkinson’s disease are described. The chapter then has a description of the phenomenon of electrical stimulation of the brain by rats. There is a consideration of the transfer of hedonic potency of an unconditional stimulus to a conditional stimulus. Finally, conversion of aversive situation to an appetite situation is described.

This chapter examines the response of car manufacturers to market integration through the cases of BMW and VW. It finds despite their differences, these car companies embraced the opportunities afforded by the Single Market, contributed to the standardization discussed in Chapter 2 through their widespread supply and value chains, and mobilized their regional interest associations to mitigate the challenges of market integration by shaping regional policies in their favor. VW’s expansion was production oriented, and it paired its “volume and diversity” strategy with a Sloanian approach to managing its growing family of brands. Conversely, BMW’s internationalization was distribution oriented, and it took a “quality” approach to profit and relied on a highly-skilled work force and huge network of specialty suppliers. This contrast, and the debates that took place within regional BIAs, demonstrates how different automakers navigated the changing European business environment of the 1980s and 1990s.

The time evolution of an interacting particle system on the complete graph, in the limit as the system size tends to infinity, is described by a differential equation called the mean-field equation. It is explained how the analysis of mean-field equations can be used to find the mean-field phase diagram and critical exponents, which depending on the model may turn out to give a more or less reliable prediction of properties of truly spatial models. Metastability is also briefly discussed, as well as the mean-field voter model that is described by the Wright–Fisher stochastic differential equation.

This chapter positions William Burroughs within the radical tradition of avant-garde manifesto writing, arguing that his cut-up experiments, pamphlets, tape texts, and prose manifestos from the late 1950s through the early 1970s exemplify the genre’s urgency, performativity, and call to action. Drawing on the lineage of Marx, Futurism, and Dada, Jimmy Fazzino explores how Burroughs weaponized language and media to dismantle structures of “Control” through techniques of textual sabotage and sonic disruption. Works like Minutes to Go, The Exterminator, BATTLE INSTRUCTIONS, and The Revised Boy Scout Manual are read not only as aesthetic provocations but as revolutionary acts aligned with the manifesto’s historical function. Addressing Burroughs’s contradictions – including the inflammatory rhetoric of his guerrilla texts – Fazzino examines how Burroughs redefined literature as a site of resistance, merging art and life in a performative praxis designed to make things happen.

This chapter studies a certain strong notion of minimality of an Ando isometric lift. This was inspired by certain concrete examples where such a strong notion of minimality occurs. Various tractable characterizations are provided for a commuting contractive pair to have a strongly minimal Ando isometric lift. One of the characterizations is in terms of what we refer to as the fundamental-operator pair for a commuting contractive pair. Three distinct proofs are given for the existence of the fundamental-operator pair. An intrinsic relation is provided between the fundamental-operator pair and Ando tuples of a commuting contractive pair. The fundamental-operator pair plays a fundamental role in the development of the model theory for commuting contractive pairs in Chapter 9.

Despite being a writer who was celebrate for transcending the written word to work in multiple forms of media, Burroughs remains underrecognized for his contributions to the art of cinema, especially as a screenwriter. This chapter explores the history of Burroughs’ engagement with cinema, highlighting his neglected, and unrealized, screenplays from the late 1960s and 1970s. After exploring his 1960s collaborations with Antony Balch on the cut-up films, Towers Open Fire and The Cut-Ups, this chapter traces the arc of Burroughs’ screenwriting, from his earliest film treatment, “Twilights Last Gleamings,” his closet screenplay, The Last Words of Dutch Schultz, his screen adaptation of his novel, The Wild Boys, and his screenplay, Blade Runner: A Movie. After situating these works within the changing field of American cinema in the late 1960s and 1970s, this chapter considers Burroughs’ theoretical contributions to screenwriting in his lectures on the subject at the City College of New York and Naropa College in the mid-1970s. Through this overview of Burroughs’ screenwriting and thinking, this chapter argues that Burroughs’ remains neglected for offering a valuable vision of an alternate cinema at a crucial time in American culture and history.

On a June evening in 2015, a white supremacist who supported the Lost Cause—Confederate Civil War memory—shot and killed African American worshippers at the Emmanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston. The twenty-first-century Lost Cause remains rooted in the battle for Black equality that shaped generations of Emmanuel’s congregants’ lives. Initially, Confederate supporters articulated the Lost Cause when they buried their dead, but it came to support racial control in a post-emancipation society. Ultimately Jim Crow, segregation, and disfranchisement rested on twin pillars of extralegal violence and Lost Cause ideology. In the twentieth century, many Americans accepted the Lost Cause because it supported racism at home and in an overseas empire. As decades passed, the Democratic Party and its Black allies supported civil rights, echoing the discourse of the Union Cause that emphasized emancipation. In contrast, the Republican Party (Lincoln’s party) embraced the Lost Cause to woo voters in the South and around the country. Today, Civil War memory has become a battlefield for efforts to fulfill or deny the promise of emancipation—the war’s principal legacy.

We describe the parametron and the coherent Ising machine working principles. We detail the theory of coupled parametric oscillators and their networks. We illustrate their applications in a time-multiplexed machine. Combinatorial optimization and the experimental study of phase transitions in spin glass models are considered.

In this chapter, we introduce probabilistic models of the mechanisms that generate data. Probabilistic models let us express scientific hypotheses with clear truth conditions, even when the mechanisms are inherently stochastic. A conditional probabilistic model describes how the conditional probability density of a response variable given a predictor depends on the predictor’s value. This dependence is controlled by a parameter vector, whose possible values form the model’s hypothesis space. Fitting the model means choosing a specific parameter vector based on data. One common approach is maximum likelihood, which selects parameters that make the observed data most probable. For many conditional models, maximising likelihood is equivalent to minimising the residual sum of squares.

This chapter contains an overview of William Burroughs’ collaborative work over the course of a half-decade career, including literary collaborations (with Kells Elvins, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Brion Gysin, and James Grauerholz) and interactions with filmmakers, musicians, and artists. The discussion is situated within the context of other literary collaborations, considerations of geography (who meets whom and where), mutual affinities that inspire and sustain joint projects, and contemporary theoretical work on authorship (e.g., Barthes, Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze and Guattari). In so doing, the chapter invites a reconsideration of notions of single authorship, and a fresh, expanded perspective on Burroughs’ oeuvre. Ultimately, the chapter reflects on the essential ingredients for successful collaborations, as well as various perils and challenges that accompany any collaborative endeavor.