This chapter can be considered to be parallel to Chapter 5, but with the objective of constructing a joint Schäffer-type model for Ando isometric lifts of a commuting contractive pair (rather than a Douglas-type model as in Chapter 5). A point of distinction with the model in Chapter 5 is that the isometric embedding involved in the lifting is just the inclusion map. The analysis leads to the notion of a Type II Ando tuple. Again, it turns out that special Ando tuples are automatically also of Type II, so we arrive at an independent second proof of Ando’s dilation theorem. We also establish an intriguing connection between the Schäffer model for a pair of coisometries and the BCL-model for the isometric pair.

Building on other efforts to bring historical approaches to bear on international business scholarship, this chapter examines the business strategy of selected European multinationals in the 1992 Program. Through business historical case studies on a range of companies operating in the internal market of the EEC, it considers a wide range of firms headquartered both inside and outside the EEC and from a wide range of sectors industries, including manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, electronics, and retail, chosen for their diversity of experiences and approaches. Not only does this case study approach “bring history (back) into international business” and “put the process back in” to research on firm internationalization, but, through repetition, it also contributes to the development of explanatory theories. This, then, is methodological impressionism: Together, the collection of vignette cases presented here paints a bigger picture, revealing patterns about the growth and development of multinationals, their regionalization and the relationship between regionalization and globalization that data alone could not make clear.

We introduce the leading concepts for the description of fluids of light, such as the distribution function, radiance, flux, and energy density. By exploiting energy conservation and a multiple-scale method, we derive the radiative transfer equation in the phase spaces of the position momentum and position angle. The mean free path and scattering cross section for various light–matter interaction processes are detailed.

Chapter 4 continues the discussion of why same-sex marriage happened in Cuba, proposing additional contributing factors related to Cuba’s post-Soviet economy, including foreign investment and tourism. In particular, it argues that same-sex marriage is not merely a sign of decreasing homophobia, but of a transformation in sexual identity categories.

What does it mean to move to a country, by force or willingly, and then have to navigate a new system, a hundred new systems that make up your new life? Or what might it mean to be born in Aotearoa New Zealand or for your family to have been here for multiple generations and yet to be made to feel forever that you do not belong? Do systems have a place in promoting wellbeing and belonging? What might it mean to work in health care or social services with people and communities that are culturally different from your own? This chapter invites you to go beyond thinking about skills and competencies for working with difference or about models of diversity and to instead zoom out and think about how bigger social and political contexts impact on care. How does the media, your family, politicians and others shape how you treat others? The concept of cultural safety invites practitioners to engage in critical and reflective processes to understand these contexts and histories. It is more likely that if we do so, we might transform the unequal societal power relations that impact on the life chances and health outcomes of others.

William Burroughs’ prophetic legacy is to a world even more radically out of control than the events that helped determine aspects of his life and prescient thinking into the 1990s. He lived from 1914 to 1997.

This final chapter sketches ways to expand the inference toolkit introduced in the book. We explore more flexible prediction functions, including splines, generalised additive models and local regression. These methods improve expressivity while controlling complexity, helping avoid overfitting. We also show how differential equations – commonly used in scientific modelling – fit naturally into the probabilistic framework by defining parameterised function families. Inherently, stochastic systems can be modelled using Markov processes, allowing inference via familiar likelihood-based methods. Finally, we discuss generative language models, focusing on the GPT architecture. GPT models define probability distributions over token sequences using autoregressive neural networks trained via cross-entropy loss. Though the underlying architecture is complex, the core modelling idea – predicting the next word given prior context – builds directly on probabilistic and machine learning principles developed throughout the book.

The expression of military power—whether through armed combat or through peacetime development and training—is inherently environmental, just as it is inherently social, and yet scholars tend to separate the natural from the cultural when it comes to studying martial activity. This chapter explores a variety of ways war, society, and environment intersect in the U.S. context and makes a case for better integrating the methods of environmental history into the study of war and society. It takes a thematic rather than chronological approach, not only to highlight the ubiquity of nature across all military activities, but to draw attention to both continuities and ruptures in the ways Americans and their armed forces have interacted with nature over time. This includes how global environmental change has influenced the mission of the American armed forces and their outlook on the future. Nature has influenced and guided American military actions, just as it has shaped American social and political developments, and we must take nature seriously in our discussions of war and society if we are to achieve a full understanding of the dynamics of human conflict.

The expression of military power—whether through armed combat or through peacetime development and training—is inherently environmental, just as it is inherently social, and yet scholars tend to separate the natural from the cultural when it comes to studying martial activity. This chapter explores a variety of ways war, society, and environment intersect in the U.S. context and makes a case for better integrating the methods of environmental history into the study of war and society. It takes a thematic rather than chronological approach, not only to highlight the ubiquity of nature across all military activities, but to draw attention to both continuities and ruptures in the ways Americans and their armed forces have interacted with nature over time. This includes how global environmental change has influenced the mission of the American armed forces and their outlook on the future. Nature has influenced and guided American military actions, just as it has shaped American social and political developments, and we must take nature seriously in our discussions of war and society if we are to achieve a full understanding of the dynamics of human conflict.