This chapter introduces the process of participating in noho marae (staying at a marae). Noho marae occur within many education programs related to nursing and other health professions in Aotearoa New Zealand, as it provides an immersive experience to connect with te ao Māori (Māori worldview). Such an experience supports the Nursing Council of New Zealand / Te Kaunihera Tapuhi o Aotearoa’s requirement for students to understand how te ao Māori and the Treaty of Waitangi / Te Tiriti o Waitangi support culturally safe practice. Key concepts are provided to support educators and students in preparation for and during noho marae. While the concepts are not exhaustive, the reader is invited to build upon the information in this chapter as part of lifelong learning of te ao Māori and cultural safety. Teaching and learning activities are provided to support individual educators’ approaches that they may bring to the noho marae.

An idea at the centre of recent debates about corporate purpose and governance is the apparently intuitive notion that shareholders own corporations. Though misaligned with academic legal opinion, this notion is rooted in common sense and as such is often used, explicitly or implicitly, to close down discussions about the position of shareholders as regards other stakeholders and the social role of business corporations. The chapter analyses the power and persuasiveness of this common-sensical position through the lens of discourse analysis, aided by concepts drawn from pragma-linguistics and sociology. It shows how common sense can be shaped by primary definers in strategic action fields to promote ideological precepts, such as, in this case, the ideology of shareholder primacy. To understand how the field of corporate control is structured and how it has evolved, what is needed is a deeper investigation into how common sense is produced, shaped, and curated over time.

In this path-breaking history, Tobias Rupprecht offers a revisionist account of Russia’s post-Soviet marketisation from the perspective of the advisors and ministers who oversaw this transformation. Based on extensive interviews with economists and research in state and private archives, he uncovers a significant minority of economic liberals from late Soviet academic and dissident circles who sought to chart a new path, believing free prices and private property were the foundations of a ‘civilised country’. This provides a vital challenge to the dominant narrative that neoliberal advisors and organisations imposed harmful reforms on Russia after the collapse of Communism. Liberal reformers faced a profound dilemma – one for which Western advisors had no solution either: should they commit to democratic political activism and risk irrelevance, or align themselves with those in power and be co-opted by an authoritarian state determined to reassert its imperial strength?

This chapter begins by describing performance management – the administrative action of appraising performance and its consequences – inherent to the continuing treaty-based obligation of international organizations to secure the highest standards of efficiency and competence of their staff. Second, the legal principles of performance management are identified, namely: (1) Absent abuse of discretion, deference is owed performance-managers; (2) Performance management defects must be manifest, to be contestable; and (3) Probationary decisions exercise the widest discretion. Third, two attendant legal duties of performance appraisal are considered, as follows: (1) Performance appraisal must be useable; and (2) Performance appraisal must afford an opportunity to respond. Fourth, the temporary intensification of performance management as the basis for termination of appointment – in the context of probation and substandard performance – is examined. Fifth, and in conclusion, this employment law of performance management at international organizations is restated.

This chapter examines William Burroughs’ complex relationship to paranoia and conspiracy thinking, tracing how these motifs function not merely as ideological content but as structuring principles of his literary imagination. Chris Fleming argues that Burroughs’ work defies categorization as straightforward “conspiracy theory” and instead constructs a worldview where causality is overdetermined by magical cosmology, genre logics, and a suspicion of all systems. From Naked Lunch to Cities of the Red Night, Burroughs explores power through occult forces, viral metaphors, and political subterfuge, yet his narratives ultimately resist resolution and totalizing explanatory schemes. Fleming contrasts Burroughs’ conspiratorial aesthetics with the “paranoid style” of the political right, including modern manifestations like QAnon, showing how Burroughs anticipates and subverts these frameworks through irony, ambivalence, and formal disruption. Rather than reducing Burroughs to “problematic” status, the chapter insists on reading his paranoia as artistically generative and epistemologically destabilizing – a provocation to critics and ideologues alike.

The explosion of Greek (and Phoenician) settlements around the shores of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea saw many of them adopt their own coinages with a rich iconographic repertoire, often religious in nature or reflecting a local activity such as viticulture. This chapter explores the evidence coinage offers for relationships between colonies and mother-cities, in some cases showing ongoing connections, in others showing the development of new regionalisms. Their coinages appeared quite soon after 550: in the east (Cyrene) and the west (mainly southern Italy, Sicily, but also southern France and Spain), while coinage in some of the cities of the Black Sea appeared early in the fifth century. Sources of silver are explored. Some nearby indigenous communities also made coins, adopting and adapting designs and weight standards.

This chapter examines William Burroughs’s cut-up method, proposing that cut-ups serve not only as experimental literary techniques but as phenomenological representations of embodied perception. While cut-ups have often been viewed as avant-garde critiques of language and control, this study repositions them as cognitive tools that model how thought, memory, and sensory experience operate in fragmented, situated, and relational ways. Drawing on enactivist theories of mind and cognitive narratology, the chapter argues that Burroughs’s cut-ups enact mental processes rather than merely represent them. Situating cut-ups within the wider context of twentieth-century media shifts, montage aesthetics, and artistic experimentation, the chapter connects Burroughs’s work to both literary and visual practices. A close reading of BATTLE INSTRUCTIONS demonstrates how cut-ups transform reading into an embodied, participatory process, offering new insight into Burroughs’s engagement with perception, subjectivity, and a process-based poetics.

Pain is a potent motivator. A nociceptor detects tissue damage. The term ‘pain receptors’ is misleading. There can be pain without tissue damage and tissue damage without pain. Nociceptive and anti-nociceptive pathways are described in the context of the gate theory of pain. The properties of the motivational system of pain are described; for example, flexible strategies for avoiding or minimizing tissue damage and competition with other motivated activities. The brain’s pain matrix is described including (e.g. part of the anterior cingulate cortex). Rats learn to take the side of a T-maze associated with relief of pain, a conditioned place preference. The role of dopamine and opioids is described. A number of contextual factors are described (e.g. control and optimism). The placebo effect is explored, as is non-suicidal self-injury. Chronic pains are viewed in a context of evolutionary mismatch. The chapter discusses the relationship between pain and depression.

This chapter revisits the legal and cultural legacy of Naked Lunch, tracing its trajectory from an outlaw text at the center of a landmark obscenity trial to a canonized modernist classic – and back again to contested status in the context of contemporary book bans. Loren Glass reflects on the enduring influence of the 1966 legal exoneration of Naked Lunch, arguing that its victory relied on disavowing the very queer and obscene qualities that characterize its content. Through comparisons to current legislative efforts Glass highlights the persistence of moral panic around sexual representation, particularly as it relates to LGBTQ identities. The chapter probes the paradoxes at the heart of literary freedom, including the right not to read, and considers Naked Lunch’s fraught place in classrooms today. Ultimately, it calls for re-situating Burroughs’ work on the margins, where its destabilizing, subversive power can be more fully acknowledged – and responsibly engaged.

Chapter 4 starts by looking at the concept of reinforcement. Two uses of the term are described: (i) a procedure that results in a change in behaviour, without the theorist making a commitment to any underlying process; (ii) a suggested process of change within the animal underlying changes observed in behaviour, strengthening of a stimulus–response connection. The power of an incentive to draw an animal towards it depends upon (i) its intrinsic properties, (ii) internal states such as nutrient levels, (iii) any associations with the incentive, and (iv) any rival incentives present. The theories of Robert Bolles and Dalbir Bindra are described. The chapter introduces the brain’s dopaminergic pathways, with a focus upon the role of the pathway from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). The responsivity of this pathway to uncertain reward and ratio schedules is discussed in the context of incentive salience. The chapter concludes with a discussion of two ‘eccentricities’ of behaviour: the misbehaviour of organisms and autoshaping.

This chapter examines L2 acquisition of Chinese nominal phrases with a focus on the use of classifiers, measure words, and plurals. Learners are found to have little difficulty in acquiring the obligatory use of a classifier in Chinese numeric expressions. However, they generally have huge, although not insurmountable, difficulty in acquiring complicated constraints on the classifier–noun concord, which involves semantics, pragmatics, and encyclopaedic knowledge. Unlike local and forward-looking concord, non-local concord and backward-looking concord cause problems in L2 processing of Chinese nominal phrases. In addition, the covert yi in Chinese numeral expressions is not properly constrained stylistically in L2 Chinese. There is also evidence that learners find it difficult to acquire the constraint on Chinese yi+CL+NP as a generic expression. An examination of features attached to the plural marker - men in L2 Chinese reveals that L2 acquisition of the [plural] and [human] features is quite straightforward, but the required attachment of the [definite] feature and the incompatibility of -men with the numeral-classifier structure cause huge difficulty. These difficulties are accounted for by cross-linguistic influence and the availability and detectability of cues in the Chinese input.

The conclusion reviews the book’s theory of governance using the final example of space as a site of governance and queerness.