Pacific peoples disproportionately experience health and social complexity that contributes to poorer health outcomes compared to those of the total population in New Zealand. The Pacific healthcare workforce plays a critical role in providing health care, influencing service delivery and system design that can reduce health inequities for Pacific communities. Pacific nursing specifically has been recognised as critical in delivering and assisting with the design of culturally appropriate and equitable healthcare services that can positively contribute to addressing these disparities. This chapter will provide insights to deepen nurses’ understanding of Pacific peoples in New Zealand and support reflective practice as part of continued professional development. Culturally safe care enhances the ability to provide clinically safe practice and is a continual process of reflection and applied critical thinking.

The conclusion revisits the Institutes’ purpose and pedagogical stakes, suggesting that historical shifts in how people understood seeing have obscured the text’s concern with the imagination’s pivotal role in shaping pre-conscious perception. The discussion clarifies the mechanism by which both the Institutes’ doctrine and style conduce to piety – namely, by reshaping the imagination and thus re-conditioning pre-conscious perception. It proposes that Calvin’s landmark commentary on the vulnerability of perception takes on new relevance in an age similarly haunted by the difficulty of distinguishing perceived from projected and real from imagined.

Between October 1990 and May 1996 cultural safety was a major and extraordinarily contentious issue. The Nursing Council of New Zealand’s resolution that cultural safety would be part of the requirements for nursing and midwifery education programs might be considered as one of the greatest challenges to face the nursing profession in New Zealand. This chapter provides analysis of why cultural safety was almost lost from the language of nursing. It begins with brief historical perspective on nursing and cultural safety in New Zealand. The important differences between transcultural nursing and cultural safety are discussed, as well as the ensuing public debate that followed cultural safety’s early development.

This chapter analyses how the Argentinian Truth Commission (CONADEP 1983-1984) accounted for the dictatorship’s state-violence, and how international law is involved in the making of this account as truth. The argument is that the Truth Commission draws on international law’s promises of peace and democracy to authorize its account as truth. In turn, the Truth Commission deauthorizes, and thereby silences, accounts of the dictatorship’s state-violence that do not conform with the official version embedded in, and mobilized by, the promises of international law of the late-Cold War. To show this, I read the Prologue to the Truth Commission’s Final Report as a literary text that not only works to establish the account that is set out in the Final Report, but that also authorizes that account as the truth by connecting it to international law. This reading of the Prologue to the Final Report’s textual representation of truth and authority draws on scholarship in the field of law and literature. The chapter also discusses the ongoing role of the Prologue in Argentina’s contemporary public life, particularly during the Kircher, Macri and Milei governments.

This chapter begins by introducing the resolution of employment-related disputes at international organizations – by examining the first ever formal example of this, involving an international civil servant employed by the League of Nations. Second, the general legal principles of reviewing employment-related disputes at international organizations are identified, namely: (1) Only adverse administrative decisions may be contested; (2) Deference is owed discretionary authority; and (3) Arbitrariness invalidates authority. Third, three general legal principles of evidence utilized by international administrative tribunals are considered, namely: (1) Claimants must establish arbitrariness; (2) Unreasoned administrative decisions are evidently arbitrary; and (3) Administrative decisions cannot be based upon withheld evidence. Fourth, and in conclusion, the legal basis of employment-related dispute resolution at international organizations is restated.

Multidimensional analysis (MDA) is a methodological approach used to describe the underlying three-way functional relationship between situational characteristics, linguistic structures, and communicative function. The MDA approach was pioneered by Biber (1988), who used it to describe linguistic variation in spoken and written English in terms of linguistic features co-occurrence. In recent years, the MDA approach has experienced considerable methodological growth. This chapter begins with an overview of five MDA studies that played a pivotal role in the historical development of the MDA approach through the introduction of novel methods, applications, and findings. In this overview, the chapter focuses on the novel aspects of each study and the impact that it had on the field. It then discusses the current methodological state of the art, focusing on recent innovative developments occurring at three crucial stages of an MDA: selection of variables for analysis, selection of lexico-grammatical tagger, and selection of the appropriate statistical technique. The chapter concludes with a case study representing the current state of the art in MDA research.

Chapter 1 introduces ideology, and Guidelines, Theses, Procedures, Caveats for empirical ideological research in pragmatics and discourse analysis presented in Jef Verschueren’s Ideology in Language Use: Pragmatic Guidelines for Empirical Research. It introduces the data to be analyzed: Amnesty International reports, webpages, emails, appeal letters addressed to powerful individuals on behalf of Prisoners of Conscience, and, for contrast, two racist American Nazi documents. It briefly introduces the main foci of the analysis: the documents’ intended audience, language, temporal and geographic perspectives, and the coverage and degree of detail that the documents provide regarding the situations they describe. As many people, including Amnesty International, deny that liberational discourses such as that of human rights are ideological, the book asks whether the AI documents are in fact ideological. The remainder of the book demonstrates that they fulfill the criteria defining ideological discourse proposed in Terry Eagleton’s Ideology: An Introduction and by Verschueren and are therefore undeniably ideological. The chapter concludes with a brief plan of the following chapters.

This chapter treats the basic theory of continuous-time Markov processes with countable state space. After recalling (without proof) the standard textbook theory for finite state spaces, three constructions on infinite spaces are discussed in detail: the construction via the embedded Markov chain, the generator construction, and Poisson constructions. It is shown how Lyapunov functions can be used to prove that a continuous-time Markov chain is nonexplosive. This is applied together with the Poisson construction to construct some interacting particle systems for finite initial conditions only, preparing for the general existence and uniqueness results of Chapter 4.

This chapter comprehensively explores the field of corpus pragmatics, focusing particularly on the advances made in the last decade. Traditionally, corpus pragmatic research, heavily influenced by work in corpus linguistics more generally, has adopted a form-to-function approach to the study of pragmatic phenomena. More recently, however, with the emergence of corpora, methodologies, and annotation schemes specifically designed for pragmatic research, the function-to-form approach that effective pragmatic research demands has featured more prominently. In this chapter, both of these approaches to corpus pragmatics are illustrated through case studies. The first of these studies explores the more conventional form-to-function approach to the discourse-pragmatic marker there in Irish English using the one-million-word Limerick Corpus of Irish English (LCIE). The second study illustrates the function-to-form approach to analyze backchannels using the Inter-Varietal Online (IVO) corpus, a 205,529-word multimodal corpus of online business meetings annotated for nonverbal features (head nods, hand waves, etc.). We stress that no one approach is better than the other. Indeed, the ideal is the development of a single methodological approach that embraces the range of technical innovations currently available to researchers in the field.

This chapter expands the static general equilibrium economy: first, by adding a second period (a two-period economy) and second, by extending to an arbitrary large (but finite) horizon. If it helps, this chapter explains the “D” part of “DSGE.” The goal of the chapter is to show by example that a multi-period (but finite) economy works almost like a static economy -- with some minor differences. The chapter relies on the notion of a competitive equilibrium -- a description of the optimal choices of all agents in the economy that lays out a blueprint for characterizing and solving it. The emphasis is on pedagogy and not realism, but understanding the contents of this chapter is key for the material ahead.

This chapter examines corpus-based research on intonation and prosodic features, focusing on tune patterns, f0 range, intonational phrasing, and speech rate, alongside tools, annotation systems, and corpus linguistic methods. It highlights multidimensional analysis (MDA; Biber, 1988) and the integration of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors (e.g., gender, speaking style; Gut, 2009; Staples & Puga, 2022; McClellan, 2024), addressing challenges and solutions in these areas. To illustrate research in this area, the case study using Staples and Puga’s (2022) data demonstrates the integration of prosody, fluency, and lexico-grammatical features via MDA, offering insights into functional language use among L1 and L2 English speakers. Data from the LINDSEI and LOCNEC corpora, comprising 259 files from diverse L1 and L2 groups, were analyzed. Results revealed significant differences in fluency, prosodic patterns, and discourse functions. Dimension 1 (D1) showed L1 speakers produced more fluent, informational speech, while L2 groups exhibited simplified, less fluent discourse, highlighting the need to incorporate informational language choices into spoken discourse instruction. Gender also influenced D1 scores: male speakers spoke faster and used fewer high-ending tunes. Findings emphasize distinctions across gender and linguistic groups, advocating for advanced methods that integrate linguistic and social variables to enhance language proficiency assessment and teaching.

This essay critically examines the temporality of American war and surveys the persistence of armed conflict in U.S. history. “Wartimes” structure U.S. historical memory. Wartime is thought to be episodic, followed by peacetime. Instead, military conflict is endemic in North American history. Armed conflict was a means of European settlement in the Colonial Era. It was a method of westward expansion. War enabled national survival in the Civil War. It was a means of solidifying American power and influence in the world over time. The geography of war ultimately altered the character of the civilian experience. The Civil War deeply affected civilians, but this direct experience was lost when U.S. wars in the twentieth century were distant from North America. Major twentieth-century wars nevertheless affected the home front. As technology changed warfare, however, armed conflict became an abstraction for the U.S. polity. This undermined political restraint, enabling ongoing small wars, since the nation could go to war without U.S. civilians feeling that they were in a wartime.

Chapter 3 asks what is counted and who comes to count in the enactment of epidemiological knowledge. It explores the presence and absence of injury in statistics, blood, chromosomes, memory, and radiation records, and asks how those exposed to toxic environmental harm experience and evaluate epidemiological accounts of their health. It also examines how scientists who use epidemiological reasoning in toxic exposure studies understand and enact the ethics of their practice. It charts how test veterans grappled with the troubling evidentiary burdens of exposure upon which claim-making depends. In attempting to contest accounts of ‘safe’ radiation exposure embedded within government records, test veterans condemned some epidemiological studies and praised others. ‘Good’ numbers were emergent if they were temporally responsive, appropriately connected and detached from study subjects, separable from the state’s influence, epistemically humble, future focused, and contextualized within the practices of their production. ‘Bad’ numbers, by contrast, were those that perpetuated and exacerbated the injuries they denied.