As a basic phenomenological constraint, God is hidden to creation in virtue of being the creator. The conclusion identifies implications for the typical atheistic and the theistic responses to the problem of divine hiddenness. Against the atheist who holds than an all-loving God would always want to be in a relation with us, the conclusion argues that if God is in fact the hidden creator, our ultimate source, he would be uniquely the sort of thing we were implicitly always in relation to even if we were unaware of it. Against the theist who wants to explain divine hiddenness in terms of a moral defect of the one seeking, the conclusion argues that such resistance would only be detectable after the fact, in light of faith, and so would be an issue for theological, not philosophical explication.

A 35-year-old woman with hypertension and obesity presents to the emergency department, referred directly from her outpatient ophthalmology appointment for “abnormal exam findings.” She complains of 3 weeks of daily holocephalic headache described as “on and off throbbing.” She says it is better when she is standing and worse when laying down. Most recently she has developed ringing in her ears when she goes to bed and wakes up feeling nauseous with blurry vision that goes away within an hour of getting out of bed. She denies any symptoms throughout her day; however, she has noticed that her headaches and blurry vision have been getting worse and lasting longer, as well as occasional double vision when she first wakes up.

Despite decades of theoretical conceptualization of racism’s complexity as a multilevel and multidimensional construct, the measurement of racism has largely ignored these important nuances. Prior empirical research has largely focused on interpersonal racism, its antecedents, and its consequences. The present chapter summarizes the variety of methodological tools that have been used to evaluate youths’ experiences with interpersonal racism. We highlight opportunities to advance the scientific rigor of each method and technique, with particular considerations for measurement inclusive of the Intersectionality framework. We also argue for measuring racism beyond the individual level. Cultural, institutional, and structural racism are delineated, and tangible recommendations are provided for advancing the measurement of each type of racism among marginalized youth populations. The chapter concludes with promising avenues of future research to support the triangulation of measurement and enhance the scientific understanding of the impact of racism.

The combined aim of this volume is to highlight current research on variation and change in English usage around the world, and to celebrate the lifetime academic achievements of Pam Peters, whose groundbreaking work on English usage, World Englishes and corpus linguistics has informed the research of all the contributors to the book. Section 1 covers different approaches to the codification of English. It looks at the influence and stance of usage guides, including Peters’ own Cambridge Guide to English Usage (2004), as well as the status of national dictionaries as codifiers of varieties and the differing approaches of British and Australian Hansards to the standardising of parliamentary language. Section 2 features chapters on the diversification of standards of English driven by its use among communities with different language backgrounds. In Section 3, a series of case studies are presented that trace the emergence of new usage patterns across a variety of language contexts and media. The Epilogue focuses on the implications for the development of World English standards in light of the studies in Sections 2 and 3, while this Introduction aims to contextualise the issues relating to usage variation and codification raised by the chapters in Section 1. It will also aim to substantiate the leading role that Pam Peters has played and continues to play in the investigation of these issues.

This chapter revisits earlier work by Pam Peters and Peter Collins on colloquial Australian English in the World Atlas of Varieties of English (WAVE). Forty two morphosyntactic WAVE features were extracted from the blogs section of the 1.9 billion-word Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE) and analysed, with a view to achieving a superior level of empirical reliability than was possible in the earlier study, limited as it was to evidence from small ‘gappy’ corpora supplemented where necessary by impressionistic judgements. The scope of the earlier study is also broadened, through the introduction of an intervarietal perspective which compares Australian English with British, American, Irish and New Zealand English, and through the adoption of an onomasiological methodology that systematically compares frequencies for the non-standard features with those of their standard counterparts. The findings challenge the stereotype of Australian speakers as uniquely ‘laid back’ in their use of English. It emerged that American speakers, not Australian, were the most prolific users of the non-standard colloquial features investigated, be they broadly acceptable or socially stigmatised.

Ross and Kendler argue that despite Nancy Krieger’s persuasive criticisms of the distal-versus-proximal framework, distinguishing between distal and proximal causes is still informative in medicine. They are especially concerned about viewing, by default, social causes of disease as distal and biological causes as proximal, showing that in some cases social causes occur in parallel with biological causes and in others social causes are more proximal than biological causes.

This chapter examines the normative implications of understanding the pain of incarceration not merely as a deprivation of liberty but as a systematic threat to the fundamental human need to belong. In particular, it asks whether a punishment can ever legitimately deprive a person of a human need so essential to survival – on a par with food or water – and critical to human flourishing. In response, the chapter advances the view that belonging is a constitutive component of human dignity and contends that this recognition provides the foundation for a “right to belong,” including within the carceral context. The discussion then situates belonging within penal theory and conventional justifications for punishment, demonstrating how attention to both the nature of this need and its centrality to human dignity prompts a critical reassessment of the normative justifiability of imprisonment under core penological goals, while also inviting broader reflection on the relationship between punishment and pain. Finally, the chapter considers the implications for penal practice, considering how acknowledgment and protection of the need – and its potentially corresponding right – to belong might shape assessments of imprisonment along two dimensions of penal legitimacy: sentencing severity and the (in)humanity of prison conditions.

Interventions that support parental delivery of ethnic and racial socialization (ERS) have crucial implications for racially and ethnically minoritized families given that ERS provides cultural pride and resilience and helps youth prepare for potential experiences of discrimination. In this chapter, we begin by tracing the evolution of ERS theory and research, highlighting opportunities for using conceptual knowledge and empirical work to develop and implement ERS interventions. We next review the literature to highlight how ERS, in terms of both content and process, contributes to youth and family outcomes. We then describe existing ERS interventions that have focused on Black/African American and Latinx families, including a brief discussion of our own program, One Talk at a Time, which is the only ERS intervention to date that targets multiple ethnic and racial groups. We conclude with a discussion of current knowledge gaps and concrete recommendations for advancing intervention science.