The chapter continues to focus on multispecies interactions. Dual-habitat built environments remain central to the analysis, but with an emphasis on species translocations and their impacts on biosphere integrity. The chapter addresses the questions of how and why hard surface structures made from steel or concrete, particularly offshore oil and gas platforms, became new and important vectors for marine bioinvasions in the oceanic Anthropocene. In such bioinvasion cases, a species multiplies exponentially in a new ecosystem, dominating it in terms of biomass or density. Slowly moving or stationary structures opened entirely new marine regions to marine bioinvasions and created novel material conditions for them. The use of new hard surface floating structures along coastlines or further offshore supplanted wooden structures and their previous habitat conditions. New bioinvasion pathways emerged through convergence with coastal urbanization and industrialization during the second half of the twentieth century, adding more hard surfaces such as water intake tunnels, piping systems, and seawalls—and now also interacting with offshore wind turbines, floating buildings, and others.

Precision psychiatry, as part of precision medicine, centers its analysis on biomarkers (genes), environment, and lifestyle. In descriptions of precision psychiatry, however, the roles played by environmental factors, lifestyle, and subjective experience are quickly downplayed, especially if such things cannot be easily translated into computational data. This is very clear in the following characterization.

A 77-year-old female with history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and tobacco use presents to the emergency department 1 hour after experiencing an acute sensation of “room-spinning” with nausea, and “numbness” in her right arm and leg. Her symptoms have been constant since onset. She denies recent illness or auditory symptoms.

This chapter reviews the influence of discriminatory experiences on youth outcomes of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) with an emphasis on the family context. Studies in the review include 271 articles spanning the past twenty years. Studies include parent experiences of discrimination and youth outcomes through mediating family and other processes. Studies also include youth discriminatory experiences and youth outcomes through moderating family and other processes. The most common experiences across family context, discrimination, and BIPOC youth outcomes are presented through description and frequencies in theoretical perspectives, participant characteristics, discrimination measures assessed, and study design, across studies. The chapter closes with implications for interventions and policy suggested by the studies

Gender-fair language challenges binary gender norms and aims to reduce discrimination. While increasingly adopted in English, especially with inclusive forms like singular they, its use among second-language (L2) English speakers remains less clear. This chapter explores how Croatian, Dutch and German L2 speakers of English accept and use gender-fair English pronouns. Participants completed an online survey with acceptability ratings and sentence completion tasks. We compared their responses with those of L1 American English speakers. The chapter investigates whether differences in participants’ native languages influence their use of gender-fair forms in English. We also analyse how factors such as personal experience with non-binary individuals, gender, age, LGBTQ+ status and political views shape attitudes and usage.

Light-verb constructions (LVCs) in English, that is, combinations such as HAVE a chat or TAKE a walk, have been discussed from various angles. Historically, LVCs are a rather young lexico-grammatical structure catalysed by the increasing prominence of conversion as a word formation process. Functionally, LVCs are associated with informal, colloquial contexts of language use. Further, LVCs occur with varying frequencies across different varieties of English. Yet, reliable multifactorial explorations of LVCs – particularly in contrast to simplex verbs as their structural alternants – are still rare. The present study examines LVCs in Sri Lankan English (SLE), a localised second-language variety in South Asia. The analysis reveals that the phonological principles of rhythm and segment alternation, which have so far not been explored in the choice between LVCs and simplex verbs, are of central importance. SLE speakers prefer LVCs when they adhere more consistently to rules of rhythm and segment alternation than the alternative simplex verbs. Also sociobiographic factors – particularly ethnicity and the language spoken at home – matter for the alternation in the Sri Lankan context.

This chapter examines how platformed media shape youth identity by analyzing TikTok content through a Critical Race Theory (CRT) lens. Working in a faculty–student partnership with Baltimore high school researchers, the authors created race-marked user profiles and sampled 40 TikTok videos, then conducted reflexive discourse/thematic analysis. Coding drew on core CRT tenets to surface how racialized, gendered, and sexualized meanings are produced, circulated, and normalized in everyday micro-narratives. The observation resulted in four dominant themes: (1) social construction – stereotypical representation of Black gender expression, (2) differential racialization – hierarchical valuation of phenotype and skin tones, (3) intersectionality – the interaction of identities shaping agency and vulnerability, and (4) whiteness as property – inheritable privileges that structure safety, access, opportunities, and presume innocence. The authors also observed background conditions consistent with racism-as-normal and interest convergence. Findings illuminate how “ordinary” short-form videos can scaffold youths’ self-concept and belonging – often in ways that intensify stigma and material hardship – while also revealing counter-narratives that resist dominant scripts. The authors outline implications for social work pedagogy (trauma-informed, culturally responsive, and digitally literate instruction), youth mental health supports, and policy/advocacy aimed at platform accountability. CRT offers a rigorous framework for decoding platform logics and co-creating equity-centered interventions with young people whose voices are too often marginalized in research and practice.

Interest groups, non-profit organizations, and state-level bureaucrats are all known to be important actors in state-level legislative politics. This chapter introduces the interaction by highlighting state legislation provided by various types of outsiders. I begin to address long-standing questions about who holds power in political institutions. This chapter motivates the state-level focus of the research. Variation across the states in levels of legislative staff and resources, institutions (e.g., term limits), and partisan configurations allows me to test theories about the relationship between resources, institutions, and the reliance on group products. Beyond this methodological reason, understanding the decisions made by state legislators and the set of statutory law which governs state citizens is essential to understanding democracy in the United States. The resulting state laws constrain the actions of state bureaucrats and cities, alter the incentives to businesses, and shape the carceral and educational outcomes for millions. My examinations into legislative drafting and the relative success of group bills have far-reaching implications for democratic representation: Whose preferences are reflected at the agenda setting stage and ultimately passed? The quality of democracy varies across the states, and my work studies the institutions that may improve democratic decision making.

Chapter 10 synthesizes the insights gained from Chapters 2 through 8 and focuses on the practical use of the CERIC method for critiquing research articles. This chapter starts by discussing the importance and process of peer review, emphasizing that not all published articles are inherently good, and revisiting some of the major types of missing information or errors in papers related to individual CERIC elements. Building on the foundation in Chapter 8, it examines how a CERIC review can build toward assessing the quality and effectiveness of a research paper’s central argument through its elements. This chapter guides readers on applying the CERIC method in peer reviewing research articles, providing a practical approach to critically assess a paper’s validity, coherence, and unique contribution.

Over decades of reviewing individual communications, the Human Rights Committee (HRC) has developed greater consistency when shifting the evidentiary burden between the author and the state in its decisions on individual communications. The grounds on which this shift is made, including the nature of the allegations, the evidence used to corroborate the allegations, and the extent to which the state engages with the process, seem to impact the articulation of the shifted burden in certain cases. To effect this burden shift, the chapter explains that the HRC appears to follow three steps when assessing claims of a breach of the prohibition against torture: (1) the allegations must be corroborated by some level of evidence; (2) the HRC applies a rebuttable presumption that the author’s alleged facts are true; unless (3) the state offers evidence in direct response to the specific allegations of torture.

If we were to follow the historical path of the development of Celestial Mechanics we would have to face the dawn of perturbation theory with the works of Euler, D’Alembert, Clairaut, Lagrange and Laplace, among others. These methods were established in the eighteenth century.

In this chapter we investigate the problem of N bodies in the framework of Newton’s gravitational theory. The problem is stated as follows: