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Critical Review for the MRCPsych is a practical and exam-focused resource to support preparation for the MRCPsych Critical Review paper. Written by the exam panel chair, this essential guide makes research methods and statistics accessible through clinically relevant examples. Complex concepts are explained in plain language and reinforced with psychiatry-focused examples, clear graphs, and easy-to-follow tables, making this ideal for readers without a formal research background. Each chapter is aligned with the MRCPsych Critical Review syllabus and concludes with concise summaries for quick revision. Practice multiple-choice questions throughout the book enable readers to test knowledge, sharpen exam technique, and build confidence. Combining clarity, accessibility, and exam relevance, it is an essential companion for mastering one of the most challenging areas of psychiatric training.
This Element focuses on contemporary forms of nativism (belief in innateness), which mostly concern the existence of domain-specific learning mechanisms with innate structure and content. After sketching some innate capacities that are widely believed to be shared with other animals, the Element thereafter discusses a number of (alleged) distinctively-human ones. One concerns a faculty of language, another our capacity for representing the mental states of others (and derivatively, ourselves). It then turns to discuss some proposed innate adaptations that support culture. These include a number of learning biases, as well as affective learning mechanisms that enable swift acquisition of cultural values. The final two sections then discuss 'tribal psychology.' This may include an innate disposition to stereotype social groups as well as innate 'tribal' motivations (both positive and negative). The over-arching thesis of the Element is that human nature might best be thought of as culture-enabling nature.
Aristotle's account of justice has inspired thinkers as diverse as Thomas Aquinas and Martha Nussbaum. Concepts such as distributive justice, equity, the common good, and the distinction between just and unjust political organizations find articulations in his writings. But although Aristotle's account of justice remains philosophically relevant, its intellectual, social, and political origins in the Mediterranean world of the fourth century BCE have often been overlooked. This book places Aristotle's account of justice in dialogue with his fourth-century intellectual colleagues such as Plato, Xenophon, and Isocrates, and allows it to be understood within the framework of fourth-century institutions as they were experienced by citizens of ancient Greek political communities. It thus provides the modern reader with the framework which Aristotle presupposed for his original work in antiquity, including the intellectual debates which formed its context.
In recent years, the role of the teacher has expanded. Teaching Strategies in the 21st Century identifies and addresses the complex challenges faced by pre-service and early career teachers. This practical, research-informed book provides in-depth discussions of teaching, from junior primary to Year 10 levels. The text examines how teachers can prepare for new roles within their teaching responsibilities, embed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives, navigate curriculum and policy demands, manage classrooms effectively, and design inclusive, engaging and assessable learning opportunities. It explores strategies for professional collaboration and networking to sustain long-term growth and reflective practice. To encourage reflection, each chapter provides case studies, spotlight boxes, recommended readings, margin notes and definitions, and end-of-chapter questions and guided responses. Teaching Strategies in the 21st Century supports new educators to transition into their roles with confidence, while laying the foundations for a reflective, adaptive and student-centred practice.
This Element investigates how playwrights can employ text-based strategies to facilitate audience participation in performance. It looks to contemporary discourse in the field of applied theatre to suggest principles the creator of a participatory work may employ to support the creation of a performance text which invites, and is responsive to, contributions from the audience. This Element offers analysis of works by playwrights Tim Crouch, Nassim Soleimanpour, Hannah Jane Walker and Chris Thorpe, all of whom experiment with text-based modalities to position the audience as co-creators in performance. It offers the insights gained from the author through their own experience of writing and staging a participatory performance. This Element draws upon ideas on care, relationality and affect to propose a care-centred model of playwriting which fosters an inclusive and accessible experience of co-creation in performance.
Language documentation of the American Sign Language (ASL) communities is essential to preserve and share our language use and interaction, something we cherish. Yet there is no conventionalized written system that can be used, instead we've been using video. Currently these videos are mostly not accessible in a way we can search the contents for language expressions. The ASL Signbank, an empirical-based resource-driven database, labels ASL use in transcripts time-aligned to ASL videos along with a set of annotation conventions to make the data machine-readable. ASL Signbank is a cloud-based annotation tool built over twenty years from the models of extant signbanks and their organizing principles. To create a database requires many choices and ongoing labor which is detailed in this Element - from what ASL Signbank is to why it exists and how to use it. This Element is also a reflection on these choices.
Youth, defined as individuals between 16 and 35 in global politics, have a key role to play in Earth politics: they are a numerical majority among the world population; they are situated in countries that are more vulnerable to environmental changes; they will be implementing the environmental agenda. Despite their key importance, youth have been associated with a number of misconceptions about their political role in international environmental negotiations. This Element identifies and explains five misconceptions one by one, to go beyond and suggest new ways to engage with youth for greater sustainability. The research presented builds on more than 200 interviews and observations conducted with youth at international climate, biodiversity and sustainable development negotiations. While youth are perceived as politically apathetic, inexperienced, forthcoming, elitist or narcissistic, understanding their very identities enables to suggest synergies for stronger, knowledge-relevant, actual, inclusive and intersectional political action.
The Massim region of Papua New Guinea has been the focus of intensive ethnographic interest for over a century because of sociocultural practices and maritime economies that connect island populations, including the famed Kula ring. Ethnographic models of Kula have been critiqued as ahistorical and heavily influenced by colonial interventions. This volume explores the long-term history of Massim maritime economies from a predominantly archaeological perspective, but draws on ethnographic, linguistic and biomolecular information. Maritime economies have connected islands for at least 17,000 years, with parallels to historically documented networks emerging over the last 3000 years. The Massim region can be considered as a network of decentralized, micro-world economies that frequently overlapped, were shaped by local value systems, clan affiliations, and defined by strategic advantages of location, natural resources and technologies. Maritime interaction in the Massim shaped cultural and linguistic diversity, providing a comparative case study for maritime economies globally.
Partition was about minorities and their oppression – real or imagined, anticipated or remembered – which inspired a wide debate, still relevant today for the future of Northern Ireland. The partitionist assumptions – that a new nation-state required religious homogeneity and that minorities would be victimised – were rooted in historical experience and reflected contemporary political practice. This book illuminates the historical significance of religious minorities in southern Ireland at a time when the twenty-six Counties formed 'a Catholic state for a Catholic people'. Dragged into a process of nation building about which Jews and Protestants had serious reservations, they often felt like guests of an unappeasable host. Many emigrated, but those who stayed offered a critical contribution to civil society. Based on a wide range of primary sources, including recently discovered personal diaries, Eugenio F. Biagini's holistic account of the minority experience explains the role of entrenched diversity in shaping attitudes to civil rights and national identity.
The services sector has been the centrepiece of Rwanda’s development strategy since 2000. This chapter describes the evolution of the Rwandan Patriotic Front’s (RPF) goals of transforming its landlocked disadvantages into an opportunity through becoming land-linked. In particular, the goal involves Rwanda becoming a regional hub for transport, tourism, sports and finance. The chapter begins by providing a critical overview of services-based strategies, highlighting their merits and limitations. It then describes the contradictory tensions emerging within Rwanda’s services-based strategy, particularly because the progressive image the RPF attempts to portray is often at odds with domestic realities. The evolution of Rwanda’s tourism strategy is discussed, which focuses on attracting high-end tourists and transforming Kigali into a hub for transport, high-profile events and conferences. The chapter describes how services strategies have evolved in line with Rwanda’s political settlement: at first, providing opportunities to private Rwandan capitalists but then gradually relying on foreign investors and government-affiliated investors. The chapter highlights that Rwanda’s strategy failed to prioritise linkages, which is a result of the elite vulnerability shaping domestic state–business relationships.
Tracing the development of Rome over a span of 1200 years, The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome offers an overview of the changing appearance of the city and the social, political, and military factors that shaped it. C. Brian Rose places Rome's architecture, coinage, inscriptions and monuments in historical context and offers a nuanced analysis regarding the evolution of the city and its monuments over time. He brings an interdisciplinary approach to his study, merging insights gained from cutting-edge techniques in archaeological research, such as remote sensing, core-sampling, palaeobotany, neutron-activation analysis, and isotopic analysis, with literary, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence. Rose also includes reconstructions of the ancient city that reflect the rapid developments in digital technology and mapping in the last three decades. Aimed at scholars and students alike, Rose's study demonstrates how evidence can be drawn from a variety of approaches. It serves as a model for studying and viewing the growth and structure of ancient cities.
Sons and Lovers (1913) struggles to contain conflicting early directions in Lawrence’s prose fiction: a yearning of his own to show his characters’ psycho-emotional states – dramatically and situationally rendered, as encouraged by his mentors Ford Madox Ford and Edward Garnett – to be also diagnostic of broader cultural crises. Examination of the successive versions of the novel and of its immediate predecessor The Trespasser (1912), novels whose stages of writing, rewriting and revision weave chronologically around one another, helps explain Lawrence’s denigration of artistic form – his mentors’ touchstone – even as he was learning how to master it. His dissatisfaction with the result would push his writing along demanding new paths.