Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

• Express the meaning of sphere of influence and collision frequency

• Derive the distribution function for the free paths among the molecules and demonstrate the concept of mean free path

• Calculate the expression for mean free path following Clausius and Maxwell

• Derive the expression for pressure exerted by a gas using the survival equation

• Calculate the expressions for viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficient of a gaseous system

• Demonstrate Brownian motion with its characteristics and calculate the mean square displacement of a particle executing Brownian motion

• State the idea of a random walk problem

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on the mean free path, viscosity, thermal conduction, diffusion, Brownian motion, and random walk

4.1 Introduction

The molecules of an ideal gas are considered as randomly moving point particles. From the concept of kinetic theory of gases (KTG), it is well established that even at room temperature, such point molecules of the ideal gas move at very large speeds. The average value of this speed can be determined assuming that the molecules obey Maxwell's speed distribution law and is given by the following expression

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

A 50-year-old man presents with fatigue and easy bruising. A complete blood count and peripheral blood smear shows leukocytosis with 56% circulating blasts. The patient has no previous history of myeloid neoplasm or treatment with chemotherapy. Which of the following findings would definitively establish a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia?

Women’s mental health has long been misunderstood, misrepresented and mistreated. Historically, women have been institutionalised, dismissed and subjected to clinical models that fail to account for the dynamic nature of female biology. The reliance on male-centric research and clinical guidance in mental healthcare is dated; we seek new models that incorporate and validate a woman’s experience of menstruation, menopause and other hormonal changes. Understanding the interplay between hormones and mental health, on biological, psychological and social levels, offers a vital lens through which to understand the complexity. Through explanation of the scientific underpinnings by experts in the field and real stories of women who have endured misdiagnosis, poor treatment and disability, this book exposes the consequences of neglecting to understand a woman’s hormonal experience, and the transformative potential when care is hormonally informed. We stand at the cusp of a revolution in women’s health. Emerging research and innovation promise a future where care is compassionate, evidence-based and attuned to women’s lived realities of menstruation, menopause and mental health.

Slowing down and mitigating the impact of climate change necessitates changes to individual behaviour in a multitude of realms. While reducing resource waste in the production process and consuming less are essential, it is also necessary to increase resource reuse with both effective re- and upcycling. However, relatively little is known about the determinants of upcycling behaviour. In this chapter, the literature on the identified psychological and social drivers is reviewed. A broader reading of behavioural determinants for green behaviour change is used to outline possible pathways for behaviour change still untested in a scientific setting in the context of upcycling. The chapter concludes with a critical review on the relative impact of both up- and recycling compared to their perceived effectiveness. Potential ways increase the likelihood of effective reuse while also reducing overall resource use are considered from a social norms perspective.

By the early summer of 2012 we had started my sabbatical in Birmingham, and this chapter explores the changes for us and for me as a result of being in a new environment, along with friends who found it hard to talk to me about the cancer experience. I had a research fellowship at the University of Birmingham, and Mayu started an MA.

Women’s mental health has been shaped by patriarchal societal biases in science, medicine and society. Early medical texts attributed women’s distress to their reproductive system or sexual deprivation. In the Middle Ages, mental illness was often misinterpreted as witchcraft, reinforcing harmful beliefs about female autonomy, and in the nineteenth century, male-dominated medical science pathologised women’s independence with diagnoses such as ‘moral insanity’ to justify institutionalising women who defied social norms. Twentieth-century feminism underpinned advances in medicine and social reform, shaping health policy and psychiatric practice, although controversies around research into hormone replacement therapy (HRT) disrupted momentum. Despite progress, persistent gender bias in research and access to mental health care persists, particularly for marginalised groups, although initiatives like the Women’s Health Strategy offer hope for a more equitable future.