This chapter describes Rwanda’s record within the manufacturing sector. Until recently, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) did not prioritise manufacturing-based growth because of the high transport costs associated with its landlocked geographical position. While there has been some attempt at refocusing on industrial policy since 2015, because of a rising trade deficit and the urgent need to create employment, there has not been substantial progress. Rwanda has not achieved significant advances in increasing industrial employment, production and exports. After presenting the evolution of Rwanda’s industrial policy, the chapter provides detailed examples of three sectors: apparels (textiles and garments), construction materials and pharmaceuticals. In line with dynamics in other sectors, domestic capital has been marginalised in favour of supporting RPF-affiliated firms or relying on foreign investors. Some foreign investors like Volkswagen and BioNTech have invested in Rwanda with much fanfare, but most success has been driven by RPF-affiliated firms. Rwanda’s hopes for structural transformation fall at a key domestic hurdle: building effective state–business relationships aimed at technological capability acquisition for latecomer firms.

This chapter covers the period between the triumph of the rebel army in the Spanish Civil War and 2020 and therefore goes through three decisive stages in the history of contemporary Spain: the successive inner stages of the Francoism (1938−1975), the transition (1976−1982), and the consolidation of a decentralised democratic regime in Spain (1982–present). Four main axes structure the approach provided by the text, namely the evolution of the circumstances of use, propaganda, control, and institutional politics of musical events; the dynamics of continuity, renewal, and reform of the procedures and instances of institutional and private promotion and dissemination of music in the country; the development of the main compositional trends and their progressive internationalisation; and, finally, the historiographic and critical treatment of the period under study.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century CE. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

• Understand the meaning of three processes of heat flow: conduction, convection, and radiation

• Know about thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and steady-state condition of a thermal conductor

• Derive Fourier's one-dimensional heat flow equation and solve it in the steady state

• Derive the mathematical expression for the temperature distribution in a lagged bar

• Derive the amount of heat flow in a cylindrical and a spherical thermal conductor

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on the process of conduction of heat

6.1 Introduction

Heat is the thermal energy transferred between different substances that are maintained at different temperatures. This energy is always transferred from the hotter object (which is maintained at a higher temperature) to the colder one (which is maintained at a lower temperature). Heat is the energy arising due to the movement of atoms and molecules that are continuously moving around, hitting each other and other objects. This motion is faster for the molecules with a largeramount of energy than the molecules with a smaller amount of energy that causes the former to have more heat. Transfer of heat continues until both objects attain the same temperature or the same speed. This transfer of heat depends upon the nature of the material property determined by a parameter known as thermal conductivity or coefficient of thermal conduction. This parameter helps us to understand the concept of transfer of thermal energy from a hotter to a colder body, to differentiate various objects in terms of the thermal property, and to determine the amount of heat conducted from the hotter to the colder region of an object. The transfer of thermal energy occurs in several situations:

• When there exists a difference in temperature between an object and its surroundings,

• When there exists a difference in temperature between two objects in contact with each other, and

• When there exists a temperature gradient within the same object.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century CE. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

Given an analytic self-map ϕ : D → D, called the symbol of the composition operator, we can always define

Both John Milton and Andrew Marvell have been revaluated in recent years. Yet this is the first sustained scholarly work to compare the two great seventeenth-century poets. In his new book, which stands as the culmination of a distinguished academic career, Warren Chernaik examines the relationship of the two writers and their complex responses to their troubled times. The poets were close friends, yet the trajectory of their careers and their posthumous reputations differed significantly. As well as taking an active part in the major political and religious upheavals of their times, both poets engaged seriously with classical, Christian, and humanist thought. Combining close readings of their poetry and prose with detailed consideration of historical and intellectual context, Chernaik sheds fresh light on the enduring works of poets whose words still resonate strongly with today’s readers.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

This chapter draws together the findings from the connected analytical pieces and relates them to other cases and research from the fields of social movements studies and scholarship on the far right. As borne out by the case studies as well as by most of the cases covered in the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), far-right demonstration campaigns are not typically mobilised around short-term rationales but instead are intended to endure. Since modes of institutionalisation are less open to far-right, particularly extreme-right movements, regular demonstrations are a convenient tool to maintain mobilisation and movement cohesion. The chapter highlights key findings of the study, including that counter-mobilisation by anti-far-right social actors is typically an indispensable factor in bringing about the demobilisation of far-right collective action.

This study examines the rich diversity of musical instruments and music and dance traditions in Spain, exploring those historically documented and those still thriving today. These cultural practices have been imbued with social, political, and ideological significance, becoming integral elements of Spain’s cultural heritage. The research also investigates the ongoing transformations within these traditions since the late nineteenth century, driven by the involvement of cultural and governmental institutions, musicians, enthusiasts, and various social groups. Case studies, including the Catalan sardana, the Galician gaita (bagpipes), music from Holy Week celebrations, and the rabel (rebec) and its jota repertoires in Cantabria, are analysed as representative examples. This approach to traditional music and dance aims to challenge common stereotypes and exoticised perceptions of Spanish culture. It underscores the complexity of these musical traditions, highlighting their vitality and role as markers of regional and national identity, while also addressing the challenges they face in an urbanised, dynamic, post-industrial, and increasingly secularised society.