Chapter 2 focuses on a new, distinct style of postwar avant-garde emerging in Yugoslavia in the 1950s – modernist music that incorporates Byzantine chants and a system of eight modes. Serbian composer Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac, one of the first transcribers of Byzantine chants and their classification into eight modes – or Octoechos – opened the door for the reemergence of Orthodox Christian liturgical choral music at the turn of the twentieth century. However, in 1956, Ljubica Marić introduced a new style of modernism in Yugoslav music that featured Byzantine and folk motives interspersed with contemporary techniques. As the first professional woman composer in Yugoslavia, Marić paved the way for new generations of women and composers who were searching for ways to express their Serbian heritage through music at a time when the country was redefining its national identity. Furthermore, she also set the stage for composers like Miloš Petrović, who developed a distinct, experimental style by combining Western (jazz, improvisation, and popular genres) with Eastern (Byzantine Orthodox Christian chants).

This chapter examines Spanish music during the interwar period (1918−39), a stage that coincides with the final two decades of the so-called Silver Age. It highlights the plurality of musical languages used to represent Spain’s evolving – and never fully agreed upon – national identity, with stylistic approaches ranging from late Romanticism to Neopopularism and Neoclassicism as predominant trends. Additionally, this chapter considers the extent to which the tense political climate and the debates between tradition and modernity also influenced repertoire programming, the activities of musical institutions, and the work of performers. Finally, the study explores the roles and spaces occupied by music during the Spanish Civil War and offers a perspective on Republican exile, aiming to reconstruct the trajectories of those musicians who were persecuted under Franco’s regime.

Both John Milton and Andrew Marvell have been revaluated in recent years. Yet this is the first sustained scholarly work to compare the two great seventeenth-century poets. In his new book, which stands as the culmination of a distinguished academic career, Warren Chernaik examines the relationship of the two writers and their complex responses to their troubled times. The poets were close friends, yet the trajectory of their careers and their posthumous reputations differed significantly. As well as taking an active part in the major political and religious upheavals of their times, both poets engaged seriously with classical, Christian, and humanist thought. Combining close readings of their poetry and prose with detailed consideration of historical and intellectual context, Chernaik sheds fresh light on the enduring works of poets whose words still resonate strongly with today’s readers.

Joint attention has steadily expanded as a topic in studies of typical and atypical social development. The phenomenon has sparked research in comparative signaling, social behavior, human-centered robotics, and more. This review examines forty years of experimental and observational studies of attention-following by infants, taken mostly from "WEIRD" samples and settings. The chapter focuses on, and compares, infants’ responses to two common attention-specifying cues from caregivers and others: gaze shifts to a new fixation target, and manual pointing gestures towards distal targets. After considering definitions and methodological issues, the chapter summarizes evidence regarding infants’ developing responses to others’ gaze shifts and to their manual pointing actions. It also considers contextual factors that might modulate infants’ response to gaze and/or pointing cues, including setting (e.g., home vs. lab), caregiver variables and the caregiving context, and differences in the action context around attention-sharing episodes. The available evidence highlights factors and processes relating to age, individual, and cultural differences in gaze and pointing followed by infants and toddlers. The chapter also underscores topics for further inquiry, including learning mechanisms, contexts of interactions, and socio-cultural diversity in the development of attention-sharing practices.

This chapter explores the evolving role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the justice system. AI tools are increasingly used across legal domains – from document generation and case management to assisting in negotiation and even supporting judicial decisions. While earlier AI applications focused on automating routine tasks, today’s large language models (LLMs) demonstrate capabilities once considered distinctly human, such as legal reasoning, persuasive communication, and emotional sensitivity. We review recent empirical studies examining public perceptions of AI in legal settings. These findings reveal a nuanced picture: human decision-makers are often preferred for their empathy and discretion, while AI is valued for consistency, efficiency, and neutrality – especially in low-stake disputes. Interestingly, there is growing acceptance of AI even in roles that require managing interpersonal dynamics, such as facilitating agreement or moderating emotionally charged interactions. As AI capabilities continue to expand, the boundary between automated and human-driven legal processes is becoming less distinct. Perceptions of fairness, trust, and legitimacy will shape how legal actors and the public respond to AI’s presence in justice systems. We conclude by raising critical questions about what is gained and lost as technology becomes more deeply embedded in dispute resolution and legal decision-making.

This chapter identifies the intersection between the role of hip-hop music in literary poetry and the operation of poetics in rap by chronicling the parallel histories of the music and the poetic practices developed alongside and in response to it. It traces the emergence of rap from party music, identifies what constitutes poetics in the lyrics and the construction of the music, and clarifies how the music and literary poetry overlap in spoken word, in slam poetics, in TV shows like Def Poetry Jam, and in emerging academic programs and centers.

The chapter is centered around a cross-cultural approach of pointing development in the human species, in a socio-constructivist frame that insists on the cultural situatedness of meanings. Based on a few studies of infants’ pointing gestures, in relation with language development, the chapter goes back over potential issues and challenges in cross-cultural psychology and proposes some empirical and epistemological perspectives for future research. More specifically, the chapter highlights the multiple dimensions of the researchers’ responsibility when comparing early communicative development across cultures, referring for example to the notions of positionality and reflexivity. This contribution may guide the analysis of pointing throughout child development and help deconstruct the assumption of a universal expression of this gesture across cultures.

The third chapter treats the geography of collective Shiʿite self and other and the question of its global contexts. It reassesses ʿĀshurā ritual to trans-European backgrounds of Shiʿite blood donation and charts the transnational evolution of the Twelver Khojas. While the first chapter presents it as local civic integration, blood donation is also a global practice supported by high religious authorities. Thus, blood donation involves cultural exchange on religious terms that both incorporates Shiʿites within national contexts of secular diversity and integrates the latter into Shiʿism’s orbit. Among Twelver Khojas, European settlement gave rise to globalized religious identity, political solidarity, or communal organization. Away from the Africa Federation in Britain, the Shia Ithnaʿashari Community of Middlesex broke open the caste mould, lowering the threshold for extramural relations while rebalancing communal self religiously. This involved strengthened transnational Shiʿite solidarity and a predilection for Middle East-centred, anti-Western Islamism. The World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities emerged post-migration as a Britain-oriented body that evolved into the community’s global agent. Its international relations sectarianized and amplified the Twelver Khojas’ proto-statal functions on a world scale. In sum, the chapter demonstrates European transformations of Shiʿite identity in global religious contexts shaping trans-European selves.

Our fairly traumatic experiences of March 11 are recounted.

Copyright misuse is a defence to enforcement of a valid copyright. It applies when a copyright owner either licenses or enforces its copyright in an unacceptable matter. For example, a paradigmatic case of misuse involves a copyright owner who uses a copyright license to prevent the licensee from developing competing works. A rightsholder who has committed misuse is barred from enforcing its copyright against others – including third parties who were not the direct victims of the acts of misuse – while the acts of misuse continue. This chapter explores how the misuse defence might apply in cases of upcycling involving copyright-protected materials. Although the defence of copyright misuse as such exists mainly in the US, the analysis in the chapter can also prove relevant for other countries. First, the US misuse doctrine bears considerable similarity to the general notion of abuse of rights. Second, the US misuse doctrine also borrows heavily from monopoly (anti-trust) law. While there are important differences between US anti-trust law and monopoly laws in other countries, many of the basic situations are treated the same. The discussion of the US misuse doctrine can therefore inform countries that might want to deal with upcycling situations.