The chapter addresses the silent cinema in Spain, the symbiosis between cinema and zarzuela, and the tensions between modernity and the so-called españolada. It analyses Spanish musical cinema, from folkloric musicals to melodramas with songs at the Second Republic. During Francoism, copla and flamenco fueled Spanish cinema, following the consolidation of the American star system. Copla and jazz shared prominence in comedy, while composers adopted the musical paradigms of classic American cinema in dramas and historical films. The chapter explores how these paradigms shifted with the arrival of Neorealism in the 1950s and the ‘New Spanish Cinema’ in the 1960s. It also examines the presence of popular music in commercial films and pop cinema. With the advent of democracy, composers adapted to a censorship-free cinema with multiple facets: popular comedy, cine quinqui (and urban rumba), middlebrow, satire, memory and nostalgia. The chapter addresses the role of music in the internationalisation of Spanish cinema since 1990, the changes brought by postmodern cinema (electronic, minimalist, and atonal music as well as the extensive presence of pre-existing songs) and a significant revival of musicals that continues to this day.

Here I explore the main metaphors around cancer, and my original cancer metaphor: an unruly classroom I needed to placate and motivate.

Fairness norms operate in virtually every area of social endeavor. There are several common behavioral responses to exchanges between social actors. Exploitation and retaliation, both of which are threats to fairness, are closely associated with narcissism. Other behavioral responses include cooperation, reciprocity, acquiescence, withdrawal, and altruism. Social movements such as Black Lives Matter and #MeToo are collective responses to profound unfairness.

The sections that follow describe the project’s methodology. All stages of data collection were approved by the Faculty of Arts ethics committee at the University of Bristol.

The questionnaire responses discussed in Chapters 3, 4 and 5 were collected in 2024 in a survey of over 2,500 professionals based in the UK. I included a summary of the survey methodology in a preliminary report published by the Chartered Institute of Linguists. Some of the information provided below first appeared in that report.

I distributed the survey via Prolific (www.prolific.com), a database of pre-registered individuals who can be invited to take part in research. Only studies that offer remuneration to participants can be distributed via this service. Remuneration involves the risk of attracting participants who are only interested in the payment and who are therefore more likely to submit satisficing responses. On the other hand, remuneration can also be considered an ethical principle. It is a way of compensating participants for their time and of recognising the importance of their input.

On February 24, 2021, two Newar activists, Suman Sayami and Birochan Shrestha, found themselves behind bars for speaking their native language. As representatives of an advocacy group for the victims of the city's road expansion project, they had visited the police station to meet six protestors who had been arrested earlier that day at the construction site of a major highway exit at Bajalu, Kathmandu. These protestors were part of a group of locals who were demonstrating against the city for unfairly appropriating their land and demolishing their homes for road expansion. At the police station, Suman and Birochan spoke with the jailed activists in Nepalbhasa, a language the police officers did not understand. When the police told them to speak in Nepali, they refused to comply, and they too were taken into custody (Deśasancāra 2021).

Although they were all released by the Supreme Court's order the following week, the incident ignited a wave of outrage and protests across the city. In the days following their arrest, protestors gathered at Indrachowk in Kathmandu, holding placards and chanting slogans declaiming language rights, land rights, Newar unity, and justice for the victims of the state's land encroachment (AawaajNews 2021). This incident was a reminder that language is a crucial aspect of power dynamics, especially in the context of a multilingual nation like Nepal where language hierarchies have shaped unequal access to social, economic, and political power. As Nepali is widely recognized as the official language of the country, the police officers saw Nepalbhasa as a threat to their authority and sought to silence it. This rendered the act of speaking in the language – especially in institutional spaces like the police station – an affront to authority and, thus, a political act.

We begin by explaining the notion of pressure and stress tensors as energy derivatives with respect to volume. Then, we discuss equations of state, elasticity, and the rheology of crystals, providing a comprehensive understanding of crystal mechanics.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.