This chapter evaluates the subject of ethnographic material in Viennese music, recognizing that those who defined the Viennese perspective, composing and performing music in Vienna, were very often men from elsewhere, attracted by the opportunities of the imperial capital. It examines Ottoman operatic subjects and Turkish Janissary style, Viennese ethnography (including as integrated into classical style), folk songs, Hungarian-Roma influences and style, musical nationalism and ethnographic repertory at the Vienna Opera.

The final chapter focuses on the only Belgian who briefly pierced his country’s silence on sexual ‘inversion’ during the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century. In 1899, the internationally acclaimed author Georges Eekhoud published the most daring queer novel of the period. A charge of indecency against his explicitly homoerotic and class-transcending love story caused an uproar among Europe’s literary community. Celebrity authors, including Émile Zola, collectively screamed blue murder over this attempt to curtail the hallowed freedom of artistic expression. The trial that followed ended in triumph and Eekhoud seemed poised to become a standard-bearer of the budding transnational movement for homosexual rights. But at home, Eekhoud soon grew isolated and unhappy as leftists and artists alike shunned him for his association with such an odious issue. While the writer’s autobiographical writings and private diary offer a rich insight into the way sexology shaped his sexual sense of self, they also reveal how Belgium’s stifling culture of bourgeois respectability still buried homosexuality in shame during the early twentieth century, while Eekhoud’s Dutch and German allies were already pushing the matter successfully onto the public agenda.

This chapter explores the rich yet understudied tradition of salon music making in Vienna around 1800, positioning it as a crucial counterpart to the emerging public concert culture. While historical narratives have emphasized the establishment of the classical canon in public performance spaces, this chapter highlights the private and semiprivate salon gatherings that flourished in response to sociopolitical constraints, including censorship and war. By examining memoirs, publishing catalogues, and iconography, the study reveals how salons sustained an abiding taste for operatic arrangements in intimate settings. Viennese salons, while influenced by French traditions, developed distinct characteristics, particularly in their emphasis on men’s leadership, class exclusivity, and music’s centrality. The chapter also considers gendered performance practices, the impact of sociopolitical shifts post-1815, and the evolution of salon repertoire. By tracing the adaptation of public works for private settings, this study repositions salons as vital spaces of musical engagement and cultural continuity.

The conclusion reviews the evolution of transregional Arabic literature from its emergence during the Algerian War of Independence to its transformations in the twenty-first century. Decolonization catalyzed a new literary practice that sought to express Arab nationalist solidarities and critique emergent forms of oppressive power – including those exercised in the name of Arab collectives. The conclusion touches on the ways authors grappled with the faltering of revolutionary hopes and rise of new cultural hegemonies in the present century, notably the establishment of the Gulf as a major new hub for Arabic literature. The author notes the ironic reception of the decolonization generation and its concerns in the contemporary Arabic novel and the queering of Arabness in diasporic literature. Revisiting a key theme of the book, the conclusion highlights literature’s evolving work to imagine, engage, and contest shared political experiences across the Maghreb and Mashreq. The chapter concludes by affirming the ongoing political vitality of calls for linguistic and cultural pluralism in Algeria, as exemplified by the Hirak protest movement.

The most significant late twentieth-century executions in a British Dependent Territory occurred in 1977 when Erskine Burrows and Larry Tacklyn were hanged in Bermuda for a series of politically motivated murders. While previous studies have argued that British ministers could readily have dispensed with the Creech Jones doctrine and prevented these executions, Chapter 5 makes the case that, for political and constitutional reasons, this was not a straightforward proposition, but nor was abandoning Creech Jones a necessary precondition for commuting the death sentences. It further argues that from a long-term perspective, the Bermuda executions were an anomaly rather than a turning point in British death penalty policy. Colonial capital punishment continued to operate into the 1980s much as it had since British abolition, with the British government working behind the scenes to prevent most executions and tolerating periodic political crises over controversial death sentences for fear that advocating abolition would have still more damaging repercussions.

Aggression in an intimate relationship violates commonly held expectations that a romantic partner will be loving and supportive. Partner aggression erodes the quality of a relationship and can cause people to experience significant psychological distress and pain. This chapter critically examines research on features of aggression in relationships, how partner aggression is regulated and maintained, and interventions and efforts to address partner aggression. We aim to convey the current state of research on partner aggression and suggest new directions for research.

This chapter reviews the literature on responses to wrongdoing in close relationships. We begin by discussing what we know about transgressions as they occur in relationships. We then explore research and theorizing on three related but distinct ways of responding to wrongdoing (forgiveness, unforgiveness, and revenge) that vary in the nature of the response, the research attention they have attracted among those who study relationships, and the extent to which they are viewed as appropriate, desirable, and healthy. We also consider directions for future research and comment on how current methodology and theory can be extended in this area. We ultimately encourage relationship scholars to approach investigation of relational wrongdoing with openness to the possibility that forgiveness may not always and inevitably be the best way forward by exploring when, for whom, and under what circumstances both forgiveness and its less favourably viewed alternatives produce desirable versus undesirable outcomes.

Chapter 1 begins by addressing how faith was central to Augustine’s theology, reading of Scripture, and Christian experience. Although Augustine understood faith as intellectual, this fit within his classical understanding of the human person. Moreover, though faith is intellectual, it is never without some motivating affection, is deeply interpersonal, and frequently has the sense of personal trust. Three early works ground and foreshadow his mature thinking on justification by faith. In de vera religione (True Religions), faith emerges as theological because it truly relates one to God through the incarnation; it is not merely pedagogical and instrumental, as in Neoplatonism. In de utilitate credendi (The Advantage of Believing), Augustine appeals to the necessity of faith in the case of students and friends to demonstrate how faith is virtuous. Lastly, de fide et symbolo (Faith and the Creed) shows how faith is fundamentally ecclesial through the inseparable relationship between the faith animating the believer and the faith received from the Church.

Paul’s Incarnational Ethic: In Galatians, Paul encourages the Galatians to imitate Jesus’ self-gift by sharing themselves with other believers and by considering what belongs to others in the community as their own.

This concluding chapter brings the separate lines of inquiry developed throughout this book together to present a holistic analytical framework for analysing the relationship between market regulation and private law within the EU multilevel system of governance and beyond. This novel framework sets out three main models of this relationship – separation, substitution, and complementarity – and elucidates their key strengths and weaknesses. Drawing on these findings, the chapter shows how regulatory discourse and traditional private law discourse can mutually influence each other in a way that enables reconciliation between them, and provides a road map to such reconciliation in standard-setting and enforcement. It suggests that public regulation of private law relationships and traditional private law should be seen as two sides of the same coin that can be aligned with each other. To reconcile those two forms of legal discourse is to enable them to work in tandem, while acknowledging their distinctive characteristics and, where necessary, making trade-offs between the competing values that underpin them. While private law discourse should be receptive to the public interest–driven logic of market regulation, regulatory discourse should be receptive to the relational logic of traditional private law.

This chapter explores how Estonia’s self-perception evolved in relation to Europe during the Soviet years and the re-establishment of its independence. It focuses on co-articulating the ‘Soviet question’ with the ‘European question’, examining how decades of Soviet rule impacted the understanding of Europe and Europeanness in Estonian national imaginaries. This analysis considers various factors, including the understanding of Europeanness before the Soviet era, the Soviet colonial matrix of power, changes within the USSR, the orientalization of Eastern Europe in West-European imaginaries and the influence of Soviet state-promoted ideologies on local cultural imaginaries. To address these complex issues, a multi-scalar understanding of social phenomena is employed. From this perspective, Estonia’s geopolitical shift from the Soviet West to the European East during its re-establishment can be seen as a shift in the geopolitical scale-system. Generally, attention to scale as a ‘tool for bounding space at different geographical resolutions’ allows us to perceive historical conditions as complexly multiscalar. A multiscalar approach reveals how meaning-making unfolds through interactions across different scales of sociopolitical realities and imaginaries, showing how local, regional and global scales formed complex and dynamic systems of interdependency in Soviet-era Estonia.