Historically, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and men held defined gendered realities. Within each clan group and across Indigenous nations, the common ties of culture held people together, but gendered realities defined the specific roles of women and men. Women’s business defined the knowledge and activities shared among women – for example, birthing practices – which would not be shared with men. In turn, men’s business defined the knowledge and activities that were shared among men and kept separate from women. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women had processes for mediating and negotiating their shared responsibilities. Their communication was defined by their gendered realities and occurred within the cisgendered cultural boundaries that were accepted by the group. Men and women held distinct, defined roles that were of vital importance to the balance of community. Even today, some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and communities maintain the separation of women’s business and men’s business.

Constrained Generalized Coordinates. When generalized coordinates are related kinematically, they are said to be constrained. These constraints are imposed by constraint forces that appear in any set of equations of motion. Constraints are nonholonomic if they are defined by differential equations that cannot be integrated to derive an algebraic form. Lagrange’s equations are derived for systems with constrained generalized coordinates using the concept of the configuration space. Physical restrictions are manifested in the configuration space as constraint surfaces. The associated constraint force is normal to this surface and is captured with a Lagrange multiplier. Several examples consider nonholonomic systems, while others explore systems that could be described by unconstrained coordinates, but constrained generalized coordinates simplify the analysis. A variety of computational algorithms are presented for solving the coupled set of Lagrange and constraint equations. These algorithms are applied to representative problems, one of which is a disk rolling over a flat surface. The closing section addresses systems with dry friction.

Heritage language speakers are second language (L2) speakers of a sociopolitically majority language. Their native heritage language is a minority language which typically develops under linguistic pressure from the majority L2 and eventually becomes secondary and weaker than the L2. In the past decade, research on heritage language speakers has investigated the degree of acquisition of different aspects of the heritage grammar and how the process and outcome of heritage language acquisition are similar to and different from adult L2 acquisition. Advances in the acquisition of heritage languages have contributed significantly to inform key questions in L2 acquisition. This chapter discusses the latest research on how L2 learners’ and heritage speakers’ exposure and use of the L2 and L1 affect the processing and acquisition the L2 and the heritage language and points to areas in need of further research.

A 7-year-old boy presents with diffuse colicky abdominal pain, emesis, and bloody diarrhea. He also complains of leg pain while walking. The patient appears uncomfortable due to pain, lying supine on the stretcher. The primary survey reveals no respiratory distress, no cyanosis, and good peripheral pulses. The secondary survey shows periarticular swelling and tenderness in bilateral knees and ankles, palpable purpura on bilateral lower extremities and buttocks, and hemoccult-positive rectal exam. The diagnosis is Henoch–Schönlein purpura with jejuno-ileal intussusception. Critical actions include fluid resuscitation, laboratory and urine testing, abdominal x-ray, abdominal ultrasound, pain management, and surgery consult. The overall prognosis is excellent, although long-term sequelae can occur in children with bowel perforation or more extensive renal involvement. Admission to the hospital may be appropriate in children with concerning symptoms.

This chapter will focus on one response that Derrida gives in Politics of Friendship to the question of what grounds politics. To do so, I first outline Derrida's critical engagement with Carl Schmitt's insistence that the political is grounded in the friend/enemy distinction, to show that, on Derrida's telling, it not only leaves out a number of important aspects that it actually depends upon, namely the question of language, but is also based on a problematic logic of opposition. Although I would ideally critically evaluate Derrida's analysis of Schmitt, space constraints mean that I bracket that issue to simply follow Derrida to determine what he does with his reading of Schmitt. Specifically, I argue that Derrida implicitly reaffirms the fun¬damental importance of his earlier concept of différance, before delving into the problem of what grounds politics. Whereas political theory has traditionally grounded politics in a singular legitimating source, whether this is the divine right, the will of the populace, or some other foundational identity, Derrida's claim that the ground ‘is’ différance generates a different conception of politics, one that rejects the notion of an absolute foundation. However, if this is so, the questions arise as to how ‘order’ or ‘stability’ are achieved, and how political systems generate and sustain themselves.

I respond that in Politics of Friendship, specifically chapter 4, ‘The Phantom Friend Returning (in the Name of Democracy)’ (PF, 75–111), Derrida offers a particularly innovative response to these issues that accepts that there is a ground to politics, but rejects the traditional claim that the ground is an ahistoric, substantial one.

Sepsis in infants can present in a variety of ways, including but not limited to fever, lethargy, altered mental status, respiratory distress and poor feeding. An ill-appearing infant should be considered septic until proven otherwise, by obtaining blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples to be sent for analysis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be provided early, and IV fluids should be given, especially if there is concern for septic shock. Infants with sepsis should be admitted to the hospital for monitoring and continued management.

The chapter discusses the evolution and current practices of oral examinations in emergency medicine certification boards, focusing on ABEM and AOBEM. It details the transition from traditional simulations to technology-enhanced formats and the impact of the COVID−19 pandemic on testing procedures. The chapter highlights the structured interview as a new assessment method and provides insights into examination content and scoring criteria. It explores the upcoming changes in certification exams and offers strategies for candidates to optimize their performance in these simulation-based assessments. The chapter aims to prepare candidates for the board certification process by providing detailed information on examination formats, procedures, and scoring rubrics.

Earlier studies of maturation effects and ultimate achievement – UA, eventual knowledge of a second language (L2) – mainly involved immigrants to English-speaking countries tested on the native-likeness (how much they sounded like native speakers) of their L2 phonology or morphosyntax. In these classic studies, a consistent finding was that perceived native-likeness inversely correlated with increasing age of onset of acquisition (AoA), a finding linked to an optimal period for SLA. The past decade has developed new perspectives on these issues, eschewing the notion of native-likeness as a gold standard, incorporating numerous factors in addition to AoA and looking at the interaction of the two languages of the bilingual. Factors include environment of acquisition, input and individual learner characteristics. This chapter outlines the classic studies of AoA and the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) before turning to UA in phonology, morphosyntax and processing. It then reevaluates the term native speaker, a label that has received criticism for perpetuating Eurocentric models; it finally recapitulates several components that can be taken into account to explain the range of ultimate achievement in child and adult L2.

This chapter analyses the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a case study for global experimentalist governance in ocean acidification. Shipping significantly contributes to OA through CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions, along with scrubber discharge that releases acidic water directly into the oceans. The IMO regulates shipping but scarcely acknowledges OA, instead promoting scrubbers despite their harmful effects. The chapter assesses the IMO’s climate change response against experimentalist governance elements: (1) A shared problem exists – stakeholders agree climate change needs addressing; (2) Open-ended goals are present – the Revised GHG Strategy sets framework objectives like ‘reducing emissions as soon as possible’ with specific metrics; (3) Delegation occurs through National Action Plans (NAPs), where member states experiment with solutions; (4) Feedback and peer review are limited – only 9 of 175 countries submitted NAPs, with minimal systematic comparison or best practice identification; (5) Goal adjustment is possible through strategy reviews. A key limitation is that weak peer review and feedback mechanisms undermine recursive learning essential to experimentalist governance. While some experimentalist features exist, the IMO’s response only partially resembles this governance model, suggesting limited potential for addressing OA directly through experimentalist approaches.

Husserl occupies a unique place in the development of Derrida's thought. As commentators on Derrida's early writings have noted, this role is neither accidental nor accessory. His position as it emerged in his mature publica¬tions of 1967 – in particular, his notions of trace and différance – was not just formulated within the medium of Husserlian phenomenology but pre¬supposes many of its key principles. In Of Grammatology, for example, one finds him insisting that ‘a thought of the trace can no more break with a transcen¬dental phenomenology than be reduced to it’. In later interviews, he confirms this decisive albeit complicated role of phenomenology. While marking Heidegger as an important influence, Derrida situates his formative works within a rationalist and epistemologically oriented form of phenomenology, which, starting in the 1950s, drew on Husserl's thinking on science and ideality in reaction to the humanist existentialism of figures such as Sartre. ‘[F]rom that point on,’ he observes, ‘I dedicated myself to the Husserlian discipline, to which I have always remained faithful’ (fidèle). He became, in his own words, its ‘disciplined disciple’ (disciple discipliné).

This engagement began with his thesis of 1953–4, The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy, informed by Husserl's later unpublished writings held at Louvain. In 1956 he attended the International Colloquium on Phenomenology in Krefeld and in 1959, following his return from mili¬tary service in Algeria, presented his first paper, ‘“Genesis and Structure” and Phenomenology’, at Cerisy-la-Salle, later republished in Writing and Difference (1967). The year 1962 saw the publication of his translation and accompanying commentary of Husserl's Origin of Geometry, for which he was awarded the Prix Cavaillès. Before then he had also been working on a translation of Husserl's The Crisis of the European Sciences at Merleau-Ponty's behest until the latter's death brought the project and their correspondence to an end.

This chapter covers the immunophenotype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with RUNX1::RUNX1T1. In addition to RUNX1T1, rare cases have RUNX1T3 as the fusion partner with RUNX1, and their immunophenotype is also described. The major differential diagnosis is mixed-phenotype acute leukemia and the distinction is highlighted.

The chapter describes the case of a 45-year-old male with stage 3 HIV who presents to the ED with fever, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and nonbloody diarrhea. The patient exhibits tachycardia, hypoxia, and a warm, diaphoretic appearance. Initial actions include oxygen supplementation, IV fluids, and labs. The patient is diagnosed with HIV pneumonia, likely Pneumocystis jirovecipneumonia (PCP), and is treated with antibiotics and steroids. Early recognition of fever and hypoxia, along with respiratory isolation, is critical to prevent sepsis. Tests ordered should include CBC, electrolytes, liver function tests, urinalysis and culture, blood cultures, and CXR. Focal infiltrates suggest bacterial pneumonia, while a diffuse interstitial or perihilar, granular pattern on CXR is associated with PCP. Steroids should be given to patients with a partial pressure of arterial oxygen <70 mmHg or an alveolar–arterial gradient of >35 mmHg.

This chapter examines the discourse of religious belief in Latin epic of the first century CE. The first section advances a methodological case for the value of high-register poetry as evidence for Roman thinking about religious belief. Building on the model of Charles King, the argument highlights the implications of the literary evidence for key theoretical debates about belief. The second section consists of a series of case studies demonstrating Roman imperial epic’s interest in the role of empiricism in shaping beliefs about the divine. Human testing of the gods features especially prominently in Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Statius’ Thebaid: how to recognise a deity, whether a mortal can perform the same acts as a god, what qualities distinguish the human from the divine. Using Ovid’s Lycaon and Niobe and Statius’ Capaneus as paradigms of a broader phenomenon, the chapter shows how Latin epic develops both a vocabulary and behavioural code of theological scrutiny, which subjects divinity to rigorous examination by mortals as a method of grounding belief. The motivations for this poetic line of inquiry can be traced not only to philosophical discourse but also to contemporary practices of emperor cult and deification.

In this chapter, we will introduce the main acceleration methods. We will explain each method in more detail in the following chapters. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of acceleration methods.