This chapter addresses the nature of the semantic component and its role in the second language (L2) acquisition of meaning, considering a range of properties: quantification, polarity items, articles, clefted interrogatives and referential dependency relations. It discusses guidance by preexisting conceptual components including conceptual representations and inferential processes, such as scalar inferences, in various form-meaning mappings such as lexical selection and structural interpretation. It connects L2 semantic development with first language (L1) transfer, Universal Grammar-guidance overcoming poverty of the stimulus, as well as feature reassembly in developing new lexico-grammatical representations for the L2. It highlights the role of activation thresholds for developing neurofunctional subsystems mapping syntax-semantic features to forms in L2 input processing. An L2 neurofunctional subsystem overlapping with the L1 system accounts for micro-level L1 effects together with guided L2 semantic development. The chapter thus overviews the findings of L2 semantic research suggestive of guidance by an implicit neurofunctional system for the L2. It addresses both robustness and vulnerability in aspects of L2 interpretation and highlights the vital role played by the conceptual structure component and aspects of memory in many aspects of L2 interpretive behavior.

This chapter deals with individual criminal responsibility rather than state responsibility. A range of international criminal courts and tribunals are examined, from the Nuremberg Tribunal following the Second World War to the more recent International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals, which deals with matters remaining after the demise of these tribunals. The International Criminal Court is discussed in some detail and in terms of governing principles and organisation, with references to relevant case law. A number of hybrid courts and other internationalised domestic courts and tribunals are then referred to, including those concerning Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Kosovo, East Timor and Bosnia. The chapter proceeds to examine a series of international crimes, from genocide to war crimes, crimes against humanity and aggression. These crimes are analysed and discussed in the light of practice and case law, both in terms of definition and implementation.

This chapter covers the evaluation and management of an adolescent patient presenting to the emergency department with an aspirin overdose.

Newton Euler Dynamics. A general procedure for formulation of the Newton-Euler equations of motion for rigid bodies and systems of rigid bodies. These advanced techniques are used, for example, to explain the interaction of a bicycle and its rider, including the gyroscopic effects caused by the inertia of the spinning wheels. Numerous examples address the various ways in which engineering systems move. The principles of work-energy, linear momentum, and angular impulse-momentum principles for bodies in spatial motion are developed and various examples are presented. An interesting example uses the properties of free motion to show how the rotation of an (American) football changes when it is suddenly deflected during the course of its flight. The closing section covers variable mass systems. The general principles are applied to determine the position versus time of a steerable full-scale rocket, as it is affected by variable mass, air resistance, and variation of the gravitational field.

This chapter presents a case of a 34-year-old male with chest pain due to a post-viral myopericarditis. The case highlights the approach to a young patient with chest pain, and details many of the pertinent historical details and exam findings that support this diagnosis. The approach to diagnostic testing, risk stratification based on echocardiography and laboratory values, and spectrum of disease and management are described.

Akin to Aristotle’s attempt in the Poetics to lay out the various conditions of artistically rendered human action that make for the most gripping treatments, Hegel develops a poetics of action that attempts to articulate what makes for the most beautiful artistic presentations of action. This chapter focuses on this “poetics of action,” and it is argued that the key to understanding Hegel’s aesthetic privileging of heroic action in his poetics lies in the peculiar ontology of the artwork itself: that is, it is argued that the decisive, transformative events that are the focus of scenes of heroic action in effect provide art with that express content that most readily fits with the artwork’s own deeper nature as such a transformative event in its own right. The chapter explores various of Hegel’s specific aesthetic judgments about dramatic settings, characters, narrative structure, and the role of ethics in art, in each case arguing that the basis of these judgments is oriented both in terms of the heroic and in terms of what enables the character of a transformative event to become most manifest.

Chapter 2 considers how requirements for Christian officials intersected with ongoing debates and disputes over the definition of orthodoxy in East and West. Eastern emperors and post-imperial kings felt the need to establish forms of consensus which might unite potentially opposing churches and church factions amidst new Christological disputes (in the East) and renewed Trinitarian controversies (in the West). This chapter considers how that pursuit of accommodation affected the practical implementation of ideals of a religiously uniform state. What Eastern emperors seem to have sought (and officials provided) was not personal commitment to a particular Christological orthodoxy, but rather, public support of and administrative co-operation with the current imperial line on its definition. Post-imperial kings adopted similar strategies. While the Hasding dynasty eagerly (and self-consciously) deployed the precedents of Theodosian legislation on religious uniformity within the state, these provisions were quietly shelved elsewhere in the West. This tacit acceptance of Christian diversity within the state maps onto the wider attempts of Burgundian and Ostrogothic regimes and their elite subjects to skirt the implications of doctrinal difference as part of wider strategies of accommodation.

In this chapter, we briefly cover a few other topics related to regression. Each topic is the subject of entire textbooks. Our goal is to give a very concise introduction to each topic. The topics include random effects and empirical Bayes, neural nets and deep learning, survival analysis, graphical models, and time series.

We present a short review of the group-geometric approach to supergravity, from the perspective of recent developments. The central idea is to unify diffeomorphisms, gauge symmetries and supersymmetries into superdiffeomorphisms of a supergroup manifold, whose vielbein contains all the fields of the theory. The example of N = 1 supergravity in d = 4 is discussed in detail, and used to illustrate all the steps in the construction of a group manifold action. Next we discuss free differential algebras (FDA’s), a generalization of the Cartan-Maurer equations for the group manifold vielbein, appropriate for theories containing p-forms (p > 1). Their dual formulation is an extension of Lie algebras, called L∞ algebras. Finally we review the FDA structure of d = 11 supergravity.

We explore the ongoing new great wave of innovation, explaining its origin and purpose. We show with substantial empirical evidence that the current great wave of innovation will unlock the bottlenecks of productivity growth by solving problems in reducing the health burden of an ageing population, simplifying global supply chains and getting rid of our current inefficient use of energy. These three aspects will together unlock enormous economic potential. This is what we call ‘smartification’ of the economy, where, notably, the low-carbon transition has a key role in enabling future growth.