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12003 results in Cambridge Handbooks

Page 557 of 601

  • 5 - Psychological Approaches to Mental Illness

  • from Part I - Approaches to Mental Health and Illness: Conflicting Definitions and Emphases
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
  • Book:
    A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    16 November 2009, pp 89-105

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the major psychological perspectives on mental illness. In terms of the biopsychosocial model, the unique contribution of psychology lies in its attention to the intra individual mechanisms that produce abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Although there are a number of popular psychological models of abnormality, the chapter focuses on four: the psychoanalytic, cognitive behavioral, humanistic-existential-phenomenological, and the family systems approaches. Many psychodynamic theorists today are particularly interested in the mental representations that people have of themselves and others. Several theories of schizophrenia, propose that the disorder is most likely to occur in families in which messages are consistently disguised, contradictory, or accompanied by strong criticism. In family therapy, the therapist attempts to establish a healthy equilibrium within the family. Studies show that this kind of therapy is often effective for reducing conflicts and resolving specific problems such as bulimia.

  • 7 - Viewing Mental Health from the Complete State Paradigm

  • from Part I - Approaches to Mental Health and Illness: Conflicting Definitions and Emphases
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
  • Book:
    A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    16 November 2009, pp 125-134

  • Summary

    Sociological approaches to psychological well-being are fundamentally different. The distinctive emphasis of sociological approaches is on how processes such as life events, social conditions, social roles, social structures, and cultural systems of meaning affect states of mind. Many sociologists study how social conditions affect levels of mental health. Most research that takes place in clinical settings examines particular types of mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Emile Durkheim's study, Suicide, is generally regarded as the first explicitly sociological study of mental health. Contemporary studies in the sociology of mental health confirm the importance of social integration as a fundamental cause of well-being. Social inequality relates not only to economic and work conditions but is also an aspect of all social institutions. Birth cohorts are another social influence that shapes mental health. Generational factors also affect general levels of well-being and distress.

  • 23 - The Mental Health Consumers/Survivors Movement in the United States

  • from Part III - Mental Health Systems and Policy
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
  • Book:
    A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    16 November 2009, pp 461-477

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on Black adolescents and the most common adolescent mental health concern: depression. It discusses prevalence estimates and identifies environmental and cultural risk and protective factors associated with depression. The chapter considers the role of racial discrimination and neighborhood influences as structural factors that have implications for psychopathology. It also examines what is known about the relationship between depression and risky sexual behaviors as a way to better understand the complexity of adolescent mental health and a prevalent problem behavior among Black youth. Throughout this chapter the term Black adolescents is used to refer to the numerous distinct cultures that characterize people of African ancestry who have settled in the United States. Challenges for future research include the use of measurement scales that may vary in meaning across racial/ethnic groups, the need to be more precise in defining key concepts, and the identification of sociocultural mediators.

  • 8 - Mental Health Systems in a Cross-Cultural Context

  • from Part I - Approaches to Mental Health and Illness: Conflicting Definitions and Emphases
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
  • Book:
    A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    16 November 2009, pp 135-162

  • Summary

    This chapter examines the assessment and measurement of mental disorders. It explores the special problems that have arisen in epidemiologists' attempts to transfer diagnostic criteria from the domain of clinical evaluation to the much different epidemiological arena in which disorder is measured in the general population by survey. Some early psychiatric epidemiological studies were based on the assumption that clinical prevalence could be used to validly infer the community population's true prevalence. The most notable attempt in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) to make general progress on the false positives problem has been the development of a clinical significance (CS) criterion for use in evaluating mental disorder. The chapter also presents an example of a recent attempt to use DSM derived criteria in an epidemiological study to measure the prevalence of a particular mental disorder, namely, major depressive disorder (MDD).

  • 22 - Cultural Diversity and Mental Health Treatment

  • from Part III - Mental Health Systems and Policy
  • Edited by Teresa L. Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Tony N. Brown, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
  • Book:
    A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    16 November 2009, pp 439-460

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses primarily on one subset of the social stressors that impinge on children and adolescents: stressors that are linked to their social memberships in particular families. It examines how family composition and parental employment patterns, which together shape family economic position, are linked to patterns of parent-child interaction as well as to the development and persistence of behavior problems. Social-psychological theory and empirical research both have suggested that the conditions adults experience at work affect their own cognitive functioning and emotional well-being and shape values they hold for their children. Social stressors-particularly parental conflict and unstable adult family composition, difficult parental working conditions, and inadequate incomes undermine the quality of parental child rearing and so make the development of behavior problems more likely. When such stressors increase, children will exhibit more behavior problems. Conversely, decreases in social stressors should diminish children's behavior problems over time.

Page 557 of 601