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12144 results in Cambridge Handbooks

Page 560 of 608

  • 4.2 - Criminal careers

  • from Part IV - Psychology and criminal behaviour
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 475-483

  • Summary

    A criminal career is basically a sequence of offences committed at different ages. It has a beginning, an end and a career length in between. This chapter talks about the prevalence, individual offending frequency, the onset of criminal career research, age of desistance, and offence and practice of criminal careers. Only a certain proportion of each birth cohort commits offences and has a criminal career, and a small fraction of offenders commit a large fraction of all offences. During their careers, offenders commit crimes at a certain rate while they are at risk of offending in the community. For offenders who commit several offences, it is possible to investigate to what extent they specialize in certain types of crimes. It is also important to investigate to what extent crimes are committed alone or with others. The chapter concludes with a brief on the policy implications of criminal career research.

  • 1.13 - Social psychological theories applied to forensic psychology topics

  • from Part I - Psychological underpinnings
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 111-117

  • Summary

    Social psychology analyses and understands human social behaviour. At its heart is social interaction and the capacity of humans to monitor, with differing degrees of skill, the effects of one's own and others' social actions within the complexity of a social environment. Attitudes to and about specific crimes and criminals have been the focus of interest. A related area has been prejudice and discrimination, where social psychological models have been developed examining racism, sexism and homophobia. There are a plethora of theoretical formulations and models within social psychology and no one is applicable to all behaviours. There are two epistemological traditions: logical empiricism and social constructionism. The concept of attitudes has been one of the key notions used to examine responses towards a variety of crimes and offenders. Facet theory and multidimensional scaling statistical procedures have been employed in research looking at a variety of forensic psychology topics.

  • 2.8 - Interrogative suggestibility and false confessions

  • from Part II - Assessments
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 202-207

  • Summary

    The concepts and empirical measurement of interrogative suggestibility and compliance are well established and validated in relation to identifying vulnerabilities relevant to assessing cases of disputed confession. 'Yield' and 'Shift', two distinct types of suggestibility, are incorporated into the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales (GSS), which are empirical tests of interrogative suggestibility. There are two parallel forms of the GSS, referred to as the GSS 1 and the GSS 2, which have been incorporated into a manual for researchers and practitioners, along with the Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS). The GSS 1, the GSS 2 and the GCS are well-researched and validated instruments that are designed to measure individual differences and vulnerabilities that are relevant to some police interviews. They do not directly assess whether or not a confession is false; no psychological instruments are available for this purpose. Psychometric tests should only be used in conjunction with other assessment tools.

  • 1.6 - Facet meta-theory

  • from Part I - Psychological underpinnings
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 58-64

  • Summary

    Facet theory derives from the work of Louis Guttman, whose early research was concerned with developing scales but was troubled by defining their content. It was his conviction that behavioural research dealing with complex issues should proceed logically by conceptualizing and defining in substantive terms what is being studied before proceeding with data collection. Facets and their constituent elements are ways of classifying variables and are formally laid out in a mapping sentence. The mapping sentence indicates the role that the facet is hypothesized to play, which in turn is based on the rationale. A structure frequently reported in the research literature is a radex, which comprises facets playing a modulating role combined with a polar role. An important goal of facet theory is to identify and establish recurring patterns and regularities. Through replication and confirmation, such recurring findings may lead to the ultimate goal of establishing laws of behaviour.

  • 2.17 - Personality disorder classification in forensic settings

  • from Part II - Assessments
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 267-275

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on the practical issues to consider when making personality disorder classifications, as defined by DSM, within forensic settings. Classification of personality disorder within DSM-IV-TR is based on identification of a number of traits presented by the individual. A number of instruments have been developed to assess and classify Personality Disorder, with a range of new instruments being developed specifically to assist in DSM classification. While there is extensive information about personality disorder, much less information is available about personality disorder and its assessment in forensic populations. A number of studies have examined the use of personality disorder classifications in forensic populations. It is not sufficient to only identify traits within a single setting; adequate information must be available to assess early conduct disorder and the appearance of traits in late adolescence and early adulthood. Motivational factors related to the completion of the assessment should also be considered.

  • 3.14 - Victims of terrorism

  • from Part III - Interventions
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 453-464

  • Summary

    Consideration needs to be given as to whether victims of terrorist attacks can be viewed as having the same kind of psychological injury as victims of other disasters or criminal assaults. This chapter first presents certain specific features that are common to most terrorist attacks, which is followed by various types of interventions for treating victims of terrorist attacks. It discusses the Whalley and Brewin review on the impact on mental health of terrorist attacks; this review concluded that 30-40% of people directly affected by terrorist action are likely to develop PTSD. The chapter discusses some guidelines produced by organizations such as World Health Organization and the NATO, for first responders and healthcare agencies for actions following mass violence or terrorist attacks. It ends with a discussion on the research into psychological interventions for preventing severe psychological disorders. Humanitarian and public health approaches are favoured over an emphasis on psychopathology.

  • 7.2 - Diversity, equality and human rights

  • from Part VII - Professional practice
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 758-765

  • Summary

    Diversity describes the range of both visible and non-visible differences between individuals. Equal opportunities has been considered as comprising various strands underpinned by law, age, religion and belief, disability, gender, race and sexual orientation. Ward (2008, p. 209) argues that human rights serve important functions for forensic psychologists in that they orientate practitioners 'to the necessary conditions for a formally worthwhile life for service users'. Within the United Kingdom (UK) there was a raft of legislation that recognized and prohibited discrimination based on race, gender, and so on. Research on unequal treatment has highlighted the inadequacies of the prison system in handling women offenders, particularly in relation to suicide and self-harm, and revictimization through bullying or sexual assault. Within the UK, employment tribunals are a distinctive remedy in law which seek to adjudicate between employers and employees over matters such as unfair dismissal, unauthorized deduction of pay and discrimination claims.

  • 6.8 - Jury decision making

  • from Part VI - Special topics
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 675-682

  • Summary

    For social and applied psychologists, juries present the opportunity to examine small and potentially diverse groups brought together for the purpose of completing an important, complex but naturally occurring decision-making task. During the 1970s, social psychologists investigated how the physical and social characteristics of defendants could influence jury (or juror) decision making. Although legal scholars and practitioners frequently decry the lack of research on jury decision making, psychologists have paid considerable attention to the study of juror and jury behaviour. While jurors are susceptible to many forms of bias and error, research indicates that there is much the legal system could do to aid the decision-making process and lighten the heavy cognitive load faced by jurors. Nevertheless, the story model for juror decision making is the most influential cognitive model of juror decision making developed to account for the way in which verdict decisions are reached.

  • 3.5 - Preventing delinquency and later criminal offending

  • from Part III - Interventions
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 376-383

  • Summary

    A great deal is now known about early risk factors for delinquency and later criminal offending. These can be at the individual, family or environmental levels. Individual-based prevention programmes target risk factors for delinquency and later offending located within the individual. These interventions focus directly on the person and can be implemented very early in life, for example, cognitively based preschool education. Systematic and meta-analytic reviews find that two main types of individual-based programmes, which include preschool intellectual enrichment and child skills training, are generally effective in preventing delinquency or later criminal offending. A recent meta-analysis found that two main types of family-based programmes, which include general parent education and parent management training, are effective in preventing delinquency or later criminal offending. The most effective programmes in preventing delinquency and related behaviour problems (that is, aggressive or violent behaviour) were those that targeted the highest-risk students.

  • 2.6 - False memory

  • from Part II - Assessments
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 187-194

  • Summary

    Proponents of memory repression and recovery argue that demonstrating that memories for often trivial events can be changed says very little about the accuracy of traumatic and personally relevant memories. This chapter shows that even traumatic memories are subject to distortion. Before describing this work, it explores arguments made by some clinicians for the specialness of traumatic memories, and their use of repression as an explanation. Many researchers have explicitly sought to replicate the techniques used by therapists specializing in 'memory recovery work' when implanting false memories. In the last few years, researchers have developed several additional creative procedures for implanting false memories. McNally and colleagues measured the physiological responses of a group of people whose traumatic memories are almost certainly false: space alien 'abductees'. They found that these individuals were as emotional about their abduction memories as they were about genuine traumas in their lives.

  • 4.9 - Robbery

  • from Part IV - Psychology and criminal behaviour
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 535-542

  • Summary

    Robbery can vary from stealing from organizations to personal property, where the latter is often termed 'mugging', 'snatch theft' or 'street robbery'. Many studies that explore robbery do so in terms of variations in the frequencies of offence characteristics. Further, some explore the combinations of these characteristics and propose models to explain the psychological meaning of such patterns of variation. Alison reported three themes of robberies, termed 'cowboys', 'bandits' and 'Robin's men' based upon the defining features of each set of behaviours. The main motivation for robbery is a need for fast cash but the 'decision' to rob is influenced by 'street culture'. For armed robbery (commercial), it has been suggested that co-offending has an instrumental advantage, with the number of offenders allowing role differentiation. However, regardless of motive or target, robbery tends to be a group phenomenon, with group patterns evident even in the least skilled or planned crimes.

  • 2.1 - Child victims of sexual abuse

  • from Part II - Assessments
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 143-152

  • Summary

    This chapter provides a snapshot of the vast body of research available about the assessment of child victims of sexual abuse. It also analyzes how the suspicions come to light and the effects of disclosing on children. There are two main reasons why a child suspected of being a victim of sexual abuse will be assessed: for investigative and for treatment purposes. Physical trauma is the most obvious sign of sexual abuse but actually it is often not present in child sexual abuse. Checklists provide a useful tool for the assessment of child victims of sexual abuse, but they should not be used in isolation or without the appropriate reliability and validity tests. Anatomically correct dolls are very widely used. They help children provide details about genital contacts, and they can elicit sensitive information over and above the information provided by simple recall.

  • 1.1 - Action system applied to forensic topics

  • from Part I - Psychological underpinnings
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 17-22

  • Summary

    In the search for a conceptual framework that underlies variations in criminal activity, a model derived from Parsons' exploration of sociopsychological systems is proving productive. This has its roots in cybernetics and the related attempts to model social and psychological processes as systems of interactions. The author and his colleagues have demonstrated the utility of such an approach when applied to criminal behaviour. They have developed the action system model further by linking it to dominant theories in the explanation and differentiation of crime. The action system model goes further than just being the identification of four modes of action, which include: the integrative mode, adaptive mode, conservative mode and the expressive mode. The challenge, as with any system based on content analysis, is to develop definitions of the components that are clear and as objective as possible.

  • 1.2 - Child and adolescent offending

  • from Part I - Psychological underpinnings
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 23-33

  • Summary

    The largest cohort study on the development delinquency and criminality in the UK found that convicted delinquents are more likely to have experienced poor parenting, characterized by harsh or erratic parental discipline, neglectful parental attitudes, parental conflicts and lax supervision in their childhood. The statutory age limits adopted by juvenile courts, which deal with children and adolescents who have committed legal offences vary between countries. It is difficult to ascertain the true extent of child and youth offending due to the limitations of each information source. It is claimed that the prevention of delinquency, criminal behaviour and reoffending can be achieved by interventions that alleviate risk factors and strengthen protective factors. At the individual level, support for academic work and cognitive-behavioural intervention is provided for children identified as being at risk. Early intervention is preferable to tackling a young person's problems once they have begun.

Page 560 of 608