Aggression in an intimate relationship violates commonly held expectations that a romantic partner will be loving and supportive. Partner aggression erodes the quality of a relationship and can cause people to experience significant psychological distress and pain. This chapter critically examines research on features of aggression in relationships, how partner aggression is regulated and maintained, and interventions and efforts to address partner aggression. We aim to convey the current state of research on partner aggression and suggest new directions for research.

This chapter reviews the literature on responses to wrongdoing in close relationships. We begin by discussing what we know about transgressions as they occur in relationships. We then explore research and theorizing on three related but distinct ways of responding to wrongdoing (forgiveness, unforgiveness, and revenge) that vary in the nature of the response, the research attention they have attracted among those who study relationships, and the extent to which they are viewed as appropriate, desirable, and healthy. We also consider directions for future research and comment on how current methodology and theory can be extended in this area. We ultimately encourage relationship scholars to approach investigation of relational wrongdoing with openness to the possibility that forgiveness may not always and inevitably be the best way forward by exploring when, for whom, and under what circumstances both forgiveness and its less favourably viewed alternatives produce desirable versus undesirable outcomes.

Paul’s Incarnational Ethic: In Galatians, Paul encourages the Galatians to imitate Jesus’ self-gift by sharing themselves with other believers and by considering what belongs to others in the community as their own.

This concluding chapter brings the separate lines of inquiry developed throughout this book together to present a holistic analytical framework for analysing the relationship between market regulation and private law within the EU multilevel system of governance and beyond. This novel framework sets out three main models of this relationship – separation, substitution, and complementarity – and elucidates their key strengths and weaknesses. Drawing on these findings, the chapter shows how regulatory discourse and traditional private law discourse can mutually influence each other in a way that enables reconciliation between them, and provides a road map to such reconciliation in standard-setting and enforcement. It suggests that public regulation of private law relationships and traditional private law should be seen as two sides of the same coin that can be aligned with each other. To reconcile those two forms of legal discourse is to enable them to work in tandem, while acknowledging their distinctive characteristics and, where necessary, making trade-offs between the competing values that underpin them. While private law discourse should be receptive to the public interest–driven logic of market regulation, regulatory discourse should be receptive to the relational logic of traditional private law.

The subject of this chapter is takeover bids on firms with share classes with different voting rights or loyalty shares. In the chapter we first describe the general development regarding such structures, as well as the current understanding of multiple-vote share structures in corporate governance and economic research. We then present an overview of the particular takeover issues arising when the target company has a multiple-vote share or loyalty structure drawing on national experiences, including whether a premium should be allowed for multiple-vote shares, whether different forms of considerations should be allowed for different share classes, whether a partial bid should be allowed on a single share class, and whether the effects of vote changes in a firm with MV or loyalty shares could trigger the duty to launch a mandatory bid.

The chapter examines the Saturday Mothers, a long-standing intergenerational movement in Turkey advocating for justice for families of the disappeared. Through a relational lens, it explores how the movement constructs a social network that fosters solidarity, collective agency, and transformative personal and political identities. The Saturday Mothers, operating as a ‘political family’, challenge conventional definitions of family by creating a space of care, empathy, and shared grief. Their horizontal and transparent structure sustains their activism across diverse political, social, and economic backgrounds. The movement’s practices address the impact of ambiguous loss, enabling families to cope with psychological isolation and social marginalisation. By reclaiming public spaces such as Galatasaray Square as symbolic sites of truth and memory, they demand holistic justice. The chapter highlights how the Saturday Mothers’ grassroots mobilisation practises a relational agency, redefining victim participation and creating a social space for truth-telling and healing beyond the limitations of formal transitional justice mechanisms.

In this chapter, we will explore the nature of Basque impersonals in comparison with inchoatives, passives, and middles. Our analysis reveals that Basque impersonals share key characteristics with subject-suppressing impersonals (Blevins 2003): (i) they are built on transitive, unergative, and unaccusative verbs; (ii) they feature a human (suppressed) subject; and (iii) their implicit subject cannot be expressed by an oblique. However, Basque impersonals exhibit a detransitivized morphology, contrasting with the transitive shape of this construction in other languages such as Polish. In any case, we demonstrate that Basque impersonals involve a syntactically active external argument, as the implicit subject can bind certain reflexive and reciprocal anaphors, act as a possessor in inalienable possession relations, and license secondary predication. Therefore, Basque impersonals should not be considered passive or middle constructions and must be regarded as subject-suppressed impersonals.

Chapter 3 lays down the normative foundations of the investigation with respect to populism as an ideational construct. The main claim is that populism distorts democracy and corrupts the rule of law. More precisely, populism distorts democracy in depriving the democratic process from the requirements of deliberation and representation, which I take as constitutive of democratic legitimacy. The rule of law (thinly or thickly defined) is not only distorted – it is corrupt.

Drawing on extensive consultations with relevant stakeholders in Uganda, this chapter seeks to understand how the international standardisation of transitional justice has impacted domestic transitional justice processes in Uganda, and notably victims’ roles therein. It zooms in on the increasingly sanitised involvement and participation of local stakeholders, including victims. The chapter shows how, despite the presence of language such as ‘local consultation’, ‘participation’, and ‘victims-centeredness’, a genuine intention among decision-makers to give meaningful effect to such principles has been missing. As such, formal ‘compliance’ with ideas about civil society and victim participation, as endorsed by international standards and guidelines about transitional justice, has not resulted in outcomes that met the expectations and demands of most local civil society and victim groups in Uganda. The chapter focuses mainly on the process surrounding the adoption of Uganda’s Transitional Justice Policy, but adds perspectives from other relevant frameworks and processes where particularly relevant.

This chapter presents an overview of recent trends and developments in research on close relationships. It is a sequel to the chapters that appeared in earlier editions of this Handbook (Perlman et al., 2018; Perlman & Duck, 2006) and thus reviews the developments in relationships research from 2016 to mid-2023. Drawing on data from a survey of authors of articles published in Personal Relationships and the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships and a bibliometric analysis of these papers, we discuss the scholars who relationship scientists perceive as eminent and who they feel are emerging as influential. We use these data to highlight the major theories, methodological trends, and substantive foci that have been the foundation of relationships research since 2016. Comparison with earlier versions of the chapter reveals stability in the field’s preoccupations but also demonstrates how it has responded to contextual factors within and outside of academia.

This chapter explores what weather is, investigating the metaphysics and ontology of weather's various manifestations. It begins by raising familiar examples and then trying to bring these together to get at the concept behind weather. It first examines many instances of weather – rain, snow, sleet, hail, thunder, lightning, clouds, sun, wind, storms, cold snaps, heat waves, clear skies, tornadoes, hurricanes, etc. – and discusses the ways in which these examples of weather ultimately fall short of offering a suitable definition. It also covers the ways in which metaphors of weather appear in literature, film, and popular culture, often as indications of tumult or unpredictability. It concludes by bending toward a characterization of weather as a force that functions independently of our own willful activities.

Romantic love seems to be a nearly universal phenomenon, appearing in every culture for which data are available and in every historical era. This chapter first reviews research on how ordinary people construe love. Then it turns to how researchers have understood and measured love, organizing its discussion around the theme of types of love. Next it covers the course of love with a focus on falling in love. It then reviews several approaches that have been particularly influential in specifically focusing on understanding the dynamics of romantic love, especially with regard to passionate love. It concludes with a brief review of the work on other kinds of love in relationships. The authors hope that this review has conveyed their view that the study of love is both important and a thriving scientific endeavor, offering both a solid foundation and vast opportunities for significant future work.

This chapter identifies and analyses five major electronic dance music (EDM) cultures of mainland China: mainstream clubs-based EDM culture, local clubs-based EDM culture, klubbing-based EDM culture, provincial dancing-based EDM culture, and mic-shouting-based EDM culture. The first two cultures are based on the dance club, the third on karaoke venues, and the final two on social media. Chinese EDM cultures and styles are circulated regionally but not globally. Yet, they have been given ample opportunity to grow due to the very large domestic night-time economy. They are locally distinctive and participated in by millions of Chinese clubbers and audiences. Several studies have already identified these local EDM styles, but the local EDM cultures remain unexplored. The discussion helps fill the research gap by analysing major Chinese EDM cultures’ local cultural characteristics and potential social implications.

The EU Takeover Directive’s primary mechanism intended to protect minority shareholders’ interests on a change of control is the mandatory bid rule. The rule leaves it to the Member States to determine the control threshold, to define what the equitable price is and to determine which parties are considered to be acting in concert. Member States may provide derogations from the mandatory bid rule, provided that the general principles of the Directive are respected. Member States have used their powers in different ways. This is not a bad thing as long as the Member States use this flexibility in a loyal way, taking due account of the overall purpose of the Directive and the purpose of the mandatory bid rule, and apply the rules in a way that makes sense in the context of local corporate governance models, the structure of the local stock markets, and local protections afforded by general corporate law. The appetite for amendments to the Directive is likely to be very limited. Provided that one accepts the premises for the existence of the mandatory bid rule in the first place, we do not see any pressing regulatory concerns that merit trying to improve this appetite.