Couple conflict has received significant attention in couples research, chiefly because poorly managed conflict raises risk for a host of negative outcomes including relationship dissatisfaction, divorce, domestic violence, occupational impairment, and poor child well-being. Effective conflict management is a central target of couple therapy and relationship education. In this chapter, we define couple conflict, describe the frequency and common topics of conflict, and provide examples of how researchers measure conflict. We then describe different ways that couples manage conflict, highlighting effective and ineffective conflict management behaviors and how they affect relationship functioning. Next, we describe conflict and conflict management among historically underrepresented couples. Last, we present information on relationship interventions that target couple conflict and describe future directions for research on couple conflict.

This chapter introduces the anti-colonial ideology of Arab nationalism, which in its popular form established a transregional culture of resistance to oppression and injustice. Progressive writers of the decolonization generation, the author shows, mapped their new literary system’s imaginative and circulational scale according to the experience that they believed it must represent and amplify: a shared political experience they called “Arab.” The chapter then discusses the key concepts of Arab scale and transregionalism. It outlines their nuanced entanglements between national and world literatures, and notes the significance of embedded, internal scales that texture and differentiate the system under study. Overall, the chapter argues that a major expression of twentieth-century Arabic literature produced itself as a set of print culture practices, literary themes, and interpretive norms in response to evolving ideas of Arab experience and emancipation.

This chapter studies the creation of Algeria as a topos of transregional literature during the War of Independence (1954–1962) on the pages of the Beirut-based literary and political journal al-Ādāb. This process relied on gendered imagery of suffering Algerian bodies, notably the FLN fighter Djamila Bouhired, who became an Arab nationalist icon following her imprisonment by the French. Arabic transregionalism imagined Algeria as a palpable expression of Arab nationalist rhetoric on Arab revolution. This led al-Ādāb authors to critique Jean-Paul Sartre, insisting on the Arab, rather than global, scale of Algeria’s decolonization. In al-Ādāb poetry, I show that contributors took for granted that fuṣḥā, as anti-colonial transregional print medium, would be the vehicle of postcolonial Algerian literature. Al-Ādāb thus elided complex realities of multilingualism in Algeria, taking for granted, and even viewing as inevitable, the “restoration” of fuṣḥā as a sign of Algeria’s proto-Arab identity. The chapter reads al-Ādāb’s editorial production of itself as transregional journal, including the insertion of advertisements, debates, and exchanges to map circulation networks. I detail the journal’s efforts to recruit Algerian contributors to educate transregional publics on the country’s history and culture and demonstrate its support for the new FLN state after independence.

Victims’ demands for reparations are epitomised as a non-violent resistance to the violence they have suffered. The chapter explores how victims resist state narratives, coercive tactics, and violence in their claims for reparations, reflecting on the long-term impact of such resistance. Drawing on interviews with over 100 victims across six case studies, the chapter develops three themes around resistance: social mobilisation; self-repair; and the struggle for reparations. It examines various forms of non-violent resistance, including bottom-up approaches, documentation of violations, and the creation of subalternate perspectives. The chapter also addresses the role of social movements in reparations, emphasizing the dynamic process of collective identity formation, grievance framing, and the negotiation of justice. In conclusion, the chapter underscores the importance of understanding reparations as a multi-faceted struggle involving legal, political, and social dimensions, and the need for continued advocacy and research to address the complexities and challenges faced by victims in their pursuit of redress.

Failing to impose himself in Vichy, Déat sought his political fortunes in occupied Paris. This chapter covers Déat’s time in Paris, where he founded the Rassemblement National Populaire (RNP) in 1941. After an inauspicious start during which Déat struggled to maintain control of the organization, the RNP came to represent the collaborationist “left” within the field of collaborationism. However, the heteronomous logic of this field, in which the different collaborationist movements competed for German recognition by emulating Nazism, meant that over time the different movements shed their specificity and converged around a common vision of collaborationist fascism. It was through this spiral of radicalization that Déat came to adopt positions, like antisemitism and support for “totalitarianism,” that had been foreign to him just a few years prior. The collaborationist fascism of the RNP was thus not reducible to the neo-socialist past but was an emergent effect of the field of collaborationism.

Research has advanced our understanding of the role of self-disclosure in the initiation, development, maintenance, and ending of relationships. In this chapter, we review theoretical and empirical milestones in our understanding of self-disclosure, particularly its role in relationships. We show that research on self-disclosure has shifted from a focus on the individual to a focus on the interpersonal nature of disclosure processes. Self-disclosure occurs between people and triggers a cyclical process that is specific to a particular relationship with a particular partner. Self-disclosure processes fluctuate over time. They shape, and are shaped by, relationships. We propose that self-disclosure serves as a seismograph of relationship quality. It is essential in interdependent relationships and key to unraveling how people perceive the quality of their relationships. Throughout the chapter, we identify unanswered questions that offer promising avenues for future research.

This chapter is devoted to developing and clarifying one of the most unique and important constructs of attachment theory: the internal working models (IWMs) by which relationships influence other relationships and personality. We begin by describing how IWMs develop, discuss different definitions and conceptualizations of IWMs associated with different developmental stages, and then offer a new way of thinking about IWMs as both implicit and explicit representations that function at different levels of awareness. We then discuss factors that promote stability and change in IWMs, highlighting how earlier experiences with attachment figures may shape subsequent IWMs associated with other attachment figures. We next present a framework outlining the conditions under which IWMs associated with specific attachment figures earlier in life can become “activated” to influence how people think, feel, and/or behave with their current attachment figures. We conclude by proposing several promising directions for future research.

Experimental legal regimes, notably regulatory sandboxes, seek to promote technological innovation while at the same time ensuring consumer protection against unsafe or unsuitable products and services. But in doing so, they may not always be able to prevent harm to consumers. This chapter explores the relationship between regulatory sandboxes and private law. Given that within such sandboxes the participating firms may benefit from regulatory relief, it considers whether, and, if so, to what extent traditional private law nevertheless remains and should remain applicable to their activities during the experiment. It develops three models of the relationship between regulatory sandboxes and private law – separation, substitution, and complementarity – and considers their key characteristics, manifestations, and implications in the context of European private law. The chapter reveals the tension between, on the one hand, fostering technology-enabled innovation, legal certainty, and uniformity and, on the other hand, realising interpersonal justice and individual fairness while leaving room for diversity. It also assesses each model in terms of its potential to reconcile these competing considerations and draws lessons from this assessment for EU and national legislators and courts.

The Directive 2004/25/EC on takeover bids was enacted on 21 April 2004 as a framework directive. The Member States transposed the mandatory bid rule with little variation in the definition of control, with thresholds varying narrowly in nearly all Member States, between 30 per cent and a third. Also concerning the supervisory authority and squeeze-out and sell-out rights, the transposition of the Directive had a harmonizing effect. Therefore, the occasionally encountered opinion that the Takeover Directive was a failure is plainly incorrect. However, Member States vary not only in their legislative approach concerning the offeree’s defence measures, but also in respect of derogations and deviations from the mandatory bid rule. While in the late 1990s the board neutrality rule was dominant on the continent, Germany, France and Italy altered their takeover regimes and now favour a more flexible approach. A growing number of Member States later changed their initial transposition of the Takeover Directive’s breakthrough rule. In a future reform of the Takeover Directive it should be taken into account that the markets for corporate control have changed dramatically since the 2010s.

Conclusion: Love, for Paul, is oriented towards a relationship of shared selves. As such, Paul’s ethics are more properly articulated as an expression not of egoism or of altruism but of ‘nostruism’.

Social networks have always influenced the day-to-day interactions of people, and our chapter highlights the latest research on the significance of these noteworthy social ties in people’s personal relationships. We attend to both romantic relationships and friendship connections, focusing on themes of network effects in relationship formation, maintenance, and dissolution. The findings we review underline the notable ways in which the social environment shapes our closest connections and often strengthens them. We also discuss the extension of network science to investigate marginalized relationships, such as those of sexual minorities, and note the potential for social networks to have a “dark side” in which social connections become problematic. We then address emerging scholarship regarding the positive and negative links between COVID-19 and social networks. Finally, we consider future avenues for research on this notable topic.

Downtempo electronic dance music culture (EDMC) genres were popularised from 1989; much like more up-tempo forms they have roots stretching back to the late 1960s and 1970s, with the White Room at Heaven nightclub a particularly important moment. Several variant forms, such as ambient, ambient dub, ambient techno, chill out, downtempo, ambient house, chill hop, and trip hop connect with ecstatic forms of trance; listeners use such music to induce states of relaxation, stillness, meditation, blissful somatic consciousness, euphoria, or to lower tension or stress levels, in various contexts.

This chapter traces the development of EDMC ambient and chill out music, and explores techniques used by musicians composing in such styles, examining how they interact with, for example, deep listening, time, space, flow states, entrainment, and mystical or spiritual traditions. Framed by phenomenology and embodiment, it discusses how specific approaches aim to manipulate the listener’s experiential perception, as well as their mood and state of consciousness. As well as the listener’s experience, the processes of chill out composers are considered, examining the affordances of chill out music.

In this chapter, we will examine the alignment of intransitive verbs in Basque, with a particular focus on distinguishing between unergative and unaccusative verbs. We will discuss the semantic factors that have been related to unaccusativity in the literature and show that some of those factors do not always serve as reliable predictors, including in Basque. Furthermore, we will explore various syntactic tests where unergatives and unaccusatives typically exhibit distinct behaviors – such as participating in the causative/inchoative alternation, accepting partitive marking on the subject, and triggering a resultative interpretation in participial contexts. As we will show, the boundary between unergatives and unaccusatives is not always clear-cut. Additionally, this chapter will address the characteristics of complex unergative verbs; that is, unergatives that are built with the light verb egin ‘do’. Finally, it will examine dialectal variations that impact certain agentive simple intransitive verbs (though not their complex counterparts).