This chapter offers an overview of how artificial intelligence (AI) systems are being used (and could potentially be used) within the context of public courts to help predict legal outcomes, generate content such as motions and other court documents, make recommendations to legal stakeholders regarding positions to adopt (including whether to go forward with a suit) or become a substitute to human judges in the decision-making process. Looking at all these potential scenarios, the authors present the pros and cons of relinquishing a portion of legal stakeholders’ autonomy to AI systems, focusing on underlying risks linked to bias, datasets and a pervasive misunderstanding of what AI system are, and what they can do. The chapter suggests that, while the use of AI can, in many instances, positively affect impediments to access to public courts such as delays, and cost, legal stakeholders need to better understand how this can impact fundamental legal tenets.

In this chapter, we restrict our attention to the Hilbertian framework and get some estimates of the essential norms involving the Nevanlinna counting functions. In particular we get (or recover) characterizations of the compactness of composition operators.

The Introduction establishes the aims and bounds of the study, which examines attitudes towards, and uses of, the written word in Kent, Mercia and Wessex from the 830s to the 920s. The Introduction provides an overview of scholarship that has informed the study, as well as the new perspectives that it seeks to provide. The structure of the study is also explained.

The move towards social innovation is gaining momentum with the UN’s post-2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Upcycling encourages social innovation by transforming discarded materials into value-added inventions, making them socially useful and sustainable in the long run. Conversely, patent laws protect inventions that meet specific criteria, such as novelty. Patent law not only safeguards new inventions but also covers new uses of existing products. While this can support social innovation as well, it may pose challenges for developing upcycled inventions. Although there are no standard approaches to upcycled and transformative uses under patent law in both the EU and the US, there is a growing body of cases laws on altered use of patented products that could have implications for value added transformation of existing inventions. This chapter explores the foundations of upcycling and its implications for patent law. In doing so, it examines the concept of ‘novelty’ as a requirement under patent law and its effect on upcycling. It further analyzes judicial discussions and case studies from a European and comparative perspective at the intersection of patent law and reconstructive uses, thereby highlighting the role of patent law in fostering social innovation.

This paper delves into the viability of artificial intelligence (AI) as a legal decision-maker through a controlled experiment involving two advanced language models: GPT-4o and Llama 3.1. Using a real-world Colombian arbitration case centred on contract disputes exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors test each model’s ability to generate legally sound arbitration awards. The experiment unfolds in two scenarios: the first provides only the factual background of the case and the second includes the legal arguments of both parties. Each model’s output is evaluated against Colombian legal standards to determine whether the resulting decisions could withstand annulment proceedings. The findings show that GPT-4o closely mirrors the reasoning and outcome of the actual arbitral award, applying doctrines like imprevisión and good faith with legal coherence. Llama 3.1, while capable of reproducing basic legal reasoning, displays limitations, particularly when limited to factual inputs. The results demonstrate that state-of-the-art AI can, under proper conditions, replicate complex legal reasoning and generate decisions unlikely to be overturned. The paper concludes that AI has the potential to serve as a decision-maker in certain adjudicatory contexts, warranting further exploration into its regulated use in arbitration and beyond.

This chapter shows that, while there is reason to be skeptical about the value of public admiration in general, there is one kind of admiration – heroising admiration – that stands out as particularly problematic. Heroising admiration is public admiration of an individual’s or a groups’ supposed heroism. The main issue has to do with the way heroising admiration obscures its targets’ moral status as human beings, by overwriting it with heroic social status. The two are fundamentally in conflict. The imposition of hero status partially deprives targets of their moral status as fellow human beings within a socio-normative realm, so that that they are no longer as eligible for other people’s help or even sympathy, as they were before. It centrally contains depriving people of their social recognisability as human beings who potentially need other people’s help or solidarity. It is argued that there is perfect duty not to contribute to such deprivation.

The last chapter contrasts separation and integration at the highest ends of oppositional self-other hierarchization. The focus is on formal representations of Iran’s religious state authority (whether through marjaʿiyat or rahbari) and non-Iranian lay organizations with transsectarian tendencies supporting the Islamic Republic. The former (e.g., the Islamic Centre of England in London and the Imam Ali Centres of Hamburg and Vienna) have moderated abrasive expressions of oppositional hierarchy while the latter (e.g., Siddiqui’s London-founded Muslim Parliament and the ‘Kaplan Gemeinde’ in Cologne) thrived publicly on unapologetic Islamic supremacism. Only a trace remains of the transsectarian current of Muslim segregation in Europe, whereas Shiʿism’s state-bound, sectarian institutionalization has flourished — even while overtly ecumenist and opposed to self-isolation. Its treatment is prefaced by a reading of multicultural secularism as seeking assimilation in reverse. Among the cases of institutionalization is Germany’s national Shiʿite representation, the IGS Gemeinschaft, which is led by Khomeinists who also advocate Muslims’ European integration. Some entryist strategies are documented around regimist integration discourse serving the Shiʿite indigenisation of Europe, which are increasingly recognized and countered by European (supra-)state institutions. The text ends on a counterpoint with the exceptional case of Ayatollah Qāʾem-Maqāmi, a regime representative who also developed a ‘theology of integration’ inviting Muslims to engage positively with Europe as it is.

Deficits and excesses in emotional experience and behavior are central transdiagnostic features of mental illness. This chapter examines how culture shapes the impact of mental illness on emotional functioning. It draws on insights from clinical psychology, affective science, and cultural psychology, and identifies areas ripe for integration and interdisciplinary work. Despite differences in levels of analysis, target populations, theories, and methodologies, these fields are united in their efforts to understand how people interpret bottom-up changes (e.g., subjective reports of emotions and symptoms, physiological reactivity) using top-down categorical judgments that are consensually shared within local cultural contexts (e.g., culturally salient forms of distress). These processes in turn shape experiences of distress. It synthesizes empirical research to examine how patterns of emotional functioning give rise to both culturally divergent and convergent experiences of mental illness, with implications for both the treatment of mental illness and mental health education.

This chapter discusses whether the ‘platformisation’ of digital news and associated changes in financial flows to news organisations require legislative or regulatory action if quality journalism as we know it is to survive. It specifically examines the role of copyright and the EU press publishers’ right contained in the CDSM Directive in that context and whether other regulatory responses might be more effective and appropriate.

This chapter builds on the premise that emotions are relational acts: they reveal partners’ intentions and are geared toward relationship goals. Given that these goals differ across cultures, the emotions that arise and unfold during couples’ interactions – particularly during conflict – also differ. For example, in cultures that emphasize autonomy in relationships, annoyance is commonly experienced, whereas in cultures that prioritize harmony, empathy and validation are prevalent. This chapter explores how cultural ideals for “good” relationships shape not only which emotions are felt and expressed, but also how partners respond to each other’s and regulate their own emotions in ways that support those ideals. Finally, the chapter highlights evidence suggesting that couples are most satisfied with their relationships when their emotions align with culturally valued relationship goals. It concludes by discussing gaps in the literature and offering recommendations for future research.

Creativity and expression, the prominent driving forces behind the sustenance of the fashion industry, also imbibe within themselves the very structure of various forms of IP. However, while IP grants monopoly rights to the creator for a definite duration, fashion is dynamic. The rise of fashion upcycling has redefined the consumer as creator, thereby unfolding the debate between the rights of fashion brands on their IP and its possible infringement by creators of upcycled fashion. In this context, the chapter seeks to understand the relevant IP issues – creation, protection, and infringement surrounding the interface of fashion upcycling with IP. An analysis of the existing legal regime on fashion and IP in Asian jurisdictions, notably, India, China, Indonesia, Singapore, and Japan are made in reference to some notable juridical developments, in order to understand the preferred harmonious interpretation of fashion upcycling under IP adopted so far. The authors conclude with suggestions to mitigate infringement arising from this culture of upcycled fashion vis-à-vis IP rights in the fashion industry. The discussion proceeds in parallel with case studies involving reputed fashion brands raising concerns over possible violations of IP rights in the wake of the sustainable upcycled fashion culture.

This chapter examines several existing concepts of signed line graphs, with particular attention given to spectral signed line graphs. This concept preserves several properties of ordinary line graphs; for instance, the spectrum of the adjacency matrix remains bounded below by −2. Signed graphs that satisfy this bound but are not signed line graphs are also considered. The chapter explores constructions, examples and spectral properties of signed line graphs in detail. In particular, it is shown that the signed line graph of a signed graph is free of multiple edges if and only if the original signed graph contains no parallel edges of the same sign between the same pair of vertices. Consequently, the signed line graph of a signed graph that admits exactly two parallel edges of opposite signs, creating a negative digon, has no multiple edges. These graphs are referred to as simply signed graphs, and their line graphs are examined thoroughly. Specifically, the spectra of signed doubled graphs, that are simply signed graphs in which each edge forms a negative digon, are computed and analysed.

Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism where a neutral third party intervenes in a dispute to help the parties achieve their goals, such as finding an agreement. In this chapter, we examine how artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to further enhance and expand the process of mediation. We explore a variety of different integration points between AI and mediation as illustrated by academic research projects, focused on supporting the disputants and mediator. Then, we discuss some overall insights that can be gained from these projects, including opportunities and challenges that arise when integrating AI in mediation. Overall, we see AI as having significant potential in both increasing the efficiency of mediation and introducing new elements to mediation. Hopefully, these integrations will increase the accessibility and further enhance the benefits of mediation, thus contributing to a more harmonious society.

Generative AI systems threaten to usurp the market for human press and media productions. To enable journalists to act as ‘watchdogs’, highlight societal problems, and prompt necessary changes, remuneration rules should offer support for quality journalistic work by humans. In the EU, the rights reservation option following from Article 4(3) of the 2019 Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market – now flanked by the provisions of the AI Act – could support a remuneration system focusing on the use of human journalistic content for AI training. While AI training income would benefit media companies that own large repertoires of journalistic work, individual journalists might not receive an appropriate revenue share. This chapter suggests introducing a general output-based payment obligation on all providers and users of generative AI systems involved in media productions: both companies offering generative AI systems and companies using these systems in the media sector. Mandatory collective rights management could ensure payment directly to individual journalists, as in the repartitioning schemes of collecting societies. The remuneration could also finance funds that improve journalists’ working and living conditions. When distributing AI remuneration, social and cultural institutions could prioritise public interest journalism as a countermeasure to AI-generated misinformation and disinformation.