This chapter explores China’s innovative integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into its judicial system through the establishment of Internet Courts. As part of China’s broader digital transformation strategy, these courts utilise AI technologies, such as virtual courtrooms, intelligent case filing, automated document review, and blockchain-based evidence storage to improve efficiency, accessibility, and transparency in legal proceedings. Based on performance data and interviews with judges and legal practitioners, the paper evaluates how AI is reshaping judicial decision-making and court operations. While AI has enhanced speed, consistency, and administrative capacity, concerns persist over algorithmic bias, data quality, and lack of transparency in decision-making processes. Case studies from Internet Courts in Hangzhou, Beijing, and Shanghai demonstrate both the practical benefits and the systemic limitations of AI in adjudication. The paper argues that although AI holds significant promise, it must be implemented with robust oversight, legal safeguards, and meaningful human involvement to prevent over-reliance. Preserving judicial discretion, ethical standards, and human empathy is crucial to ensuring that technological progress does not undermine fairness, public trust, or legitimacy in the justice system. The study contributes to broader debates on the responsible governance of AI in law and the future of judicial automation.

The conclusion brings together the findings of the previous chapters. It reiterates the importance of the mid-ninth century, since the written word was used more extensively than in prior decades to uphold and confirm social, political and economic transactions. This provides an important context for understanding the extraordinary literary endeavours of Alfred’s later reign: in the generation before Alfred, both lay and ecclesiastic people were already experimenting with – and thinking about – the social values of literary culture. It must be stressed, however, that developments were not uniform across Kent, Mercia and Wessex. Literary culture was not limited to a single agency or context, and competing visions and practices existed throughout the ninth and early tenth centuries. One of the most striking aspects to this is that, in some contexts, resources and Latin literacy levels appear to have been limited, yet documentary production continued. If anything, such limited resources intensified the value of the written word as a commodity. The Conclusion also considers what follows in the mid- and late tenth century. Several strands of continuity are identified, though social and institutional changes need to be borne in mind.

Philosophers are increasingly examining climate emotions – feelings experienced in response to the climate crisis. Yet anger has received surprisingly little attention. This is striking, since anger is renowned for being a strong motivator of collective action against injustice and the climate crisis is widely framed as an issue of justice. We begin by clarifying the notion of “climate emotions” and the criteria for assessing their rationality. We then argue that anger is both non-instrumentally justified–because the climate crisis involves clear injustices to which anger is a fitting response–and instrumentally rational, insofar as it can motivate beneficial individual and collective action. In doing so, we identify appropriate targets of eco-anger and argue that climate obstructionists constitute its most urgent object. Our argument is empirically informed and empirically generative, generating specific hypotheses and concrete directions for empirical work on the topic. We conclude by offering recommendations for how eco-anger can be effectively mobilized in the pursuit of climate justice.

This chapter explores the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and dispute system design (DSD), emphasising AI’s dual role in both generating and resolving civil disputes. It begins with the notion of civil justice, then introduces a general analytic framework for DSD, detailing how conflicts – ranging from neighbourhood disputes to campus tensions – can be managed through facilitative and adjudicative processes, both online and offline. The chapter examines AI’s potential as a third and fourth party in dispute resolution, discussing its applications in predicting conflicts, enhancing negotiation, and designing conflict management systems. Through case studies in social networking, community disputes, and student conflicts, the chapter highlights AI’s ability to analyse data, provide mediation services, and improve accessibility, while also addressing concerns of fairness, accountability, and privacy in technologically driven dispute resolution.

On 15 January 2021, Malaysia requested consultations with the European Union, France and Lithuania pursuant to Article 4 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), Article XXII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), Article 14 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) and Article 30 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) regarding the measures and claims set out below.

In this chapter, we aim to put the occurrence and role of emotions in the political arena in a broader sociological and psychological perspective. First, we argue that the increasing manifestation of emotions in political contexts is part of a broader societal trend in the Western world, which we describe as the emotionalisation of society. The informalisation of social relations after World War II in many Western countries has strongly contributed to the blurring of the private and the public but is now further reinforced by the widespread use of social media, Second, we discuss the roles that emotions serve in political contexts, referring to the politicization of emotions. We provide a theoretical framework in the context of increasingly entangled private and public spheres, the growing emphasis on emotions in current society and the group-based and enduring nature of political emotions. We argue that emotions have not only become a strategic tool in parliamentary politics but that emotions more generally have become important in politics at large, serving a moral function in political identities, judgements and actions, which further reinforces the emotionalisation of society.

U.S. empire depends upon the logics of sexual normativity for their natural-seemingness. As an epistemological project, US empire shapes our understanding of what sexuality means. This chapter offers that the history of American literature and empire reveal how sexuality is inherently political, that desire is itself part of the political world; its contours are filtered through the relations of race and power that operate in the public sphere. There is a lot we don’t know about sexuality: it is too amorphous a collection of acts, desires, fantasies, and ideas to claim dominion over. What we know, however, is that US empire’s remapping of power relations, norms, identities, and territory operates with and through the desires we hold to be most intimate, and that American literary study is key to better understanding the sexual scope of empire’s reach.

Chapter 2 focuses on a new, distinct style of postwar avant-garde emerging in Yugoslavia in the 1950s – modernist music that incorporates Byzantine chants and a system of eight modes. Serbian composer Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac, one of the first transcribers of Byzantine chants and their classification into eight modes – or Octoechos – opened the door for the reemergence of Orthodox Christian liturgical choral music at the turn of the twentieth century. However, in 1956, Ljubica Marić introduced a new style of modernism in Yugoslav music that featured Byzantine and folk motives interspersed with contemporary techniques. As the first professional woman composer in Yugoslavia, Marić paved the way for new generations of women and composers who were searching for ways to express their Serbian heritage through music at a time when the country was redefining its national identity. Furthermore, she also set the stage for composers like Miloš Petrović, who developed a distinct, experimental style by combining Western (jazz, improvisation, and popular genres) with Eastern (Byzantine Orthodox Christian chants).

This chapter examines Spanish music during the interwar period (1918−39), a stage that coincides with the final two decades of the so-called Silver Age. It highlights the plurality of musical languages used to represent Spain’s evolving – and never fully agreed upon – national identity, with stylistic approaches ranging from late Romanticism to Neopopularism and Neoclassicism as predominant trends. Additionally, this chapter considers the extent to which the tense political climate and the debates between tradition and modernity also influenced repertoire programming, the activities of musical institutions, and the work of performers. Finally, the study explores the roles and spaces occupied by music during the Spanish Civil War and offers a perspective on Republican exile, aiming to reconstruct the trajectories of those musicians who were persecuted under Franco’s regime.

This chapter explores the evolving role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the justice system. AI tools are increasingly used across legal domains – from document generation and case management to assisting in negotiation and even supporting judicial decisions. While earlier AI applications focused on automating routine tasks, today’s large language models (LLMs) demonstrate capabilities once considered distinctly human, such as legal reasoning, persuasive communication, and emotional sensitivity. We review recent empirical studies examining public perceptions of AI in legal settings. These findings reveal a nuanced picture: human decision-makers are often preferred for their empathy and discretion, while AI is valued for consistency, efficiency, and neutrality – especially in low-stake disputes. Interestingly, there is growing acceptance of AI even in roles that require managing interpersonal dynamics, such as facilitating agreement or moderating emotionally charged interactions. As AI capabilities continue to expand, the boundary between automated and human-driven legal processes is becoming less distinct. Perceptions of fairness, trust, and legitimacy will shape how legal actors and the public respond to AI’s presence in justice systems. We conclude by raising critical questions about what is gained and lost as technology becomes more deeply embedded in dispute resolution and legal decision-making.

The third chapter treats the geography of collective Shiʿite self and other and the question of its global contexts. It reassesses ʿĀshurā ritual to trans-European backgrounds of Shiʿite blood donation and charts the transnational evolution of the Twelver Khojas. While the first chapter presents it as local civic integration, blood donation is also a global practice supported by high religious authorities. Thus, blood donation involves cultural exchange on religious terms that both incorporates Shiʿites within national contexts of secular diversity and integrates the latter into Shiʿism’s orbit. Among Twelver Khojas, European settlement gave rise to globalized religious identity, political solidarity, or communal organization. Away from the Africa Federation in Britain, the Shia Ithnaʿashari Community of Middlesex broke open the caste mould, lowering the threshold for extramural relations while rebalancing communal self religiously. This involved strengthened transnational Shiʿite solidarity and a predilection for Middle East-centred, anti-Western Islamism. The World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities emerged post-migration as a Britain-oriented body that evolved into the community’s global agent. Its international relations sectarianized and amplified the Twelver Khojas’ proto-statal functions on a world scale. In sum, the chapter demonstrates European transformations of Shiʿite identity in global religious contexts shaping trans-European selves.