The chapter discusses the respective locations and “values” of Indigeneity and Blackness vis-à-vis whiteness and ethnoracial mixings in ideological constructions of national identity in two different Latin American historical periods: “monocultural mestizaje” and multiculturalism. After delving into the ideological foundations of monocultural mestizaje and “racial democracy,” the chapter considers the advent of what has been called “the Latin American multicultural turn,” which began emerging unevenly in the region in the late 1980s. The “turn” brought about new official narrations of the nation, in a move away from the “monocultural mestizaje” ideology of national identity that reifies the mestizo as the prototypical national identity, to instead nominally recognize and “embrace” national ethnoracial diversity in a wave of new constitutions and constitutional reforms. The chapter concludes that both racial hierarchy and the mestizaje ideology of national identity remain alive and well, as the colonial racial order has adapted to contemporary circumstances, including the ideological shift from monocultural mestizaje to multiculturalism.

Nature has created man, like other species, as male and female, each possessing a strong natural urge for the other. The study of other animal species has shown that their division into male and female and the natural urge in them for the opposite sex is confined to the propagation of the species only. That is why their sexual urge is just proportionate to requirements to that end. Moreover, this urge has been so controlled in them instinctively that they never transgress sexually the limits set for their nature. Contrary to this, man has been endowed with this urge in an unlimited, unparallelled measure, knowing no discipline whatever. Man knows no restriction of time and clime. Man and woman have a perpetual appeal for each other. They have been endowed with a powerful urge for sexual love, with an unlimited capacity to attract and be attracted sexually. Their physical constitution, its proportions and shape, its complexion, touch and each element, all have a strange attraction for the opposite sex. Their voice, their gait, their manner and appearance, each has a magnetic power. Moreover, the world around them abounds in factors that further arouse this sexual impulse and make the one inclined to the other. The soft murmuring breeze, the running water, the natural hues of vegetation, the sweet smell of flowers, the chirping of birds, dark clouds, the charms of the moonlit night, in short, all the beauties and all the graces of nature stimulate directly or indirectly this relationship between the male and female.

This chapter focuses on the diagonalization of a set of commuting scattering operators, or equivalently, transfer matrices, in models involving higher-rank symmetries. The discussion centers on modules more intricate than those of [N – M, M] type, ultimately considering arbitrary irreducible representations of the symmetric group. The core idea is to construct a suitable basis in the representation space that enables the reduction of a higher-dimensional diagonalization problem to a sequence of lower-dimensional ones that are already solved. This reduction is achieved through a recursive scheme in which each step lowers the matrix dimension, enabling its diagonalization–a procedure known as nested Bethe ansatz. The method is framed as a successive dimensional reduction, systematically building on solutions from simpler cases. Special attention is given to Yang’s connection formula and its role in enabling this recursive approach. The chapter extends the framework introduced in Chapter 3, developing a coordinate version of the nested Bethe ansatz and generalizing it to accommodate multiple levels of nesting. This recursive structure reveals deep algebraic insights and plays a pivotal role in the study of integrable systems with rich internal symmetries.

The New Cambridge History of the English Language is aimed at providing a contemporary and comprehensive overiew of English, tracing its roots in Germanic and investigating the contact scenarios in which the language has been an active participant. It dis

This chapter looks at the poetic herbarium through the concept of vegetal ontology, addressing works by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Christina Rossetti, and especially Emily Dickinson. The epistolary herbaria is a collaborative affair; “a flower in a letter,” like the tendencies of the plants themselves, seeded itself among various writers from across national frontiers. Not only were the form and the content of the messages vegetal but so also was the act of sending, disseminating the herbarium as so many seeds or spores, preceded by lovingly tending to, gathering and preserving flowers. In her work, Dickinson restages the elemental and cosmic clash of viriditas – “greenness,” or the self-refreshing power of finite existence that reaches its apotheosis in plants – and ariditas – “dryness,” or the scorching heat of sin understood in the extra-moral sense of everything that contravenes life and its renewal. Dickinson’s approach is at the same time allegorical and literal, plants providing her with a way of dealing with the inexorability of death. Analogous practices and preferences, like genres and authors, developed across nationalities, geographies, and time periods.

The modern nation of Papua New Guinea is a colonial construct where English and its pidgin-creole daughter language, Tok Pisin, share an intertwined history and contemporary linguistic ecology, each with its official and unofficial roles and each influencing the other. Today at least half of all Papua New Guineans use Tok Pisin and/or English for day-to-day communication in this country with more than 840 distinct languages. Tok Pisin is the dominant medium of oral and informal communication, even as English remains the dominant medium of written and formal communication. The morphology and syntax of Tok Pisin show characteristics that are typical for the languages of its first speakers. Its lexicon is mainly English, but high-frequency words of German, Kuanua, and Chinese Pidgin origin are indicative of a complicated history. Papua New Guinea English has been heavily influenced by Tok Pisin.

In process theories the crucial thing is what the brain does, not how it is doing it, i.e. the specific architecture of the brain is not crucial. Causal structure theories propose just the opposite. For example, the recurrent processing theory (RPT) and the integrated information theory (IIT) propose both that systems with feedforward processing are not conscious but also that all sorts of systems with recurrent processing (even very simple ones) are conscious. We will also introduce the ‘unfolding argument’ which holds that causal structure theories may be incompatible with the scientific method.

In this chapter, I ask us to consider raciosemiotics – a way of examining signification, or semiosis (producing meaning through signs), that rigorously attends to bodies, feelings, histories – as means for testifying to Black life and death. I offer a raciosemiotics framework as one way to bear witness, or testify, to practices of making meaning through and about Blackness that either hinder or sustain Black life. I cast raciosemiotics to capture past and future work that centers meaning making about and through racialized signs (including the racialized body) and I imagine it as a possible tool in an abolitionist linguistic anthropology, following Savannah Shange’s offerings. The second half of the chapter applies a raciosemiotic lens to testify to multimodal practices that mete out “discursive-material” harm; and a collective practice of publicly censuring acts that threaten Black life and living (i.e., naming whiteness). In this discussion, I also briefly attend to everyday practices of Black expression that refuse or disregard anti-Black epistemes.

What are the characteristics of consciousness? How long does a conscious percept last? Are animals conscious? We review the research related to these and many other questions and discuss how the answers to these questions can help us to judge the merit of different theories of consciousness. For example, a theory that predicts that consciousness occurs only after several hundred milliseconds after stimulus onset, would be falsified if consciousness were to occur earlier than that. We will see that most theories of consciousness make very few precise predictions about such matters.

Chapter 5, “Envisioning a Plurinational Governance”, analyzes the role and aspirations of Indigenous peoples in the international governance of the Amazon. Based on the analysis of COICA international politics and ACTO strategies and actions regarding Indigenous peoples, the Chapter argues that the international governance of the Amazon has excluded Indigenous peoples by recognizing a limited version of self-determination with no political rights. Many ACTO officials reject the possibility of having the representativeness of Indigenous peoples in the deliberative processes of the organization. However, the continued indigenous activism has opened new opportunities for institutionalizing their participation within ACTO. Despite ACTO’s political weakness and the different institutional challenges of COICA, Indigenous peoples struggle to decolonize the international governance of the Amazon and enact what would be a plurinational international governance.

The statistical foundations of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression are built on independent random variables. But time series observations are seldom, if ever, independent. Observations ordered sequentially in time exhibit time dependence. Time series can also exhibit trends, structural breaks, and repeated patterns that induce seasonality. All of these data features must be accounted for in OLS regression for statistical inference to be meaningful. This chapter discusses the key features of time series data. We explain the difference between stationary and nonstationary data and provide guidelines for how the two types behave differently.

Government contracts, which could be lucrative, were always a matter of public interest. As a result, competitive bidding was used to ensure transparency, fairness, and accessibility to a wide number of potential contractors. This system was not always conducive to producing the best and most effective product, especially in the case of aircraft and engines that had a rapid obsolescence rate. In addition, the General Staff, which controlled the purse strings for the Air Corps, had a major role in deciding which aircraft would be purchased and for what missions they would be used. The problems with this system were illustrated by the Boeing XB-17 prototype that promised a dramatic increase in performance: it was faster than any pursuit aircraft while also carrying over two tons of bombs for 2,000 miles. But when it crashed during performance trials due to pilot error, the General Staff refused to buy the revolutionary bomber and instead insisted on purchasing hundreds of less capable, but cheaper, medium bombers. Airmen who protested this decision were punished with demotion and exile.

When Elizabeth Maconchy entered the British compositional scene in 1930 with the premiere of her orchestral suite, The Land, she and her fellow composers had an unsettled relationship with the prevailing musical styles of Europe. Whereas continental composers were highly regarded by British critics as cutting edge, their British contemporaries were faulted as derivative, unoriginal, and too steeped in national traditions to contribute to the ‘new’ music. Constant Lambert argued his rival countrymen (and women) had let their moment to be ‘modern’ pass them by. This chapter examines the scope of modernism on the continent and scholars’ difficulties in pinning down a precise functional definition of the so-called ‘modernist’ style. Practitioners of European modernism sought to be sensational or at the very least individual. British modernism, on the other hand, tended toward the juxtaposition of ‘old’ and ‘new’, an eclecticism that is not bound to any specific ideology.