By 1776, when a parliamentary survey was held to assess poor law expenditure in England and Wales, the ‘settlement’ system was a familiar feature in local communities, regulating access to poor relief and if necessary removal since the previous century. The introduction explores the broad historiography on the topic and suggests how key provisions emerged in the Restoration era, a development examined in Chapter 1. The discussion proceeds to introduce the arguments of the remaining chapters, in which some of the unintended consequences of the legislation are explored: from the emergence of a huge body of administrative forms to the regulation of kinship and family for the purposes of migration, and on to impacts on parish and county administration, community life, and even the state’s capacity to mobilise forces for large-scale international wars.

In this chapter we consider single-equation regression analysis involving unit root processes. Unit root time series processes present additional problems for estimation and inference. In particular, hypothesis tests in regressions involving unit root processes will tend to have nonstandard distributions. We begin with a discussion of the intuition underlying cointegrating relationships and provide a formal definition of the concept. Two approaches are widely used to test for, and estimate, cointegrating relationships in a single-equation framework. We walk through both the Engle–Granger approach and the generalized error correction model. We discuss the different roles deterministic terms play in each of these approaches and provide guidelines on how to specify deterministic terms hypothesized to affect both the short- and long-run relationships. In parallel to Chapter 5, we discuss the importance of diagnostic tests to ensure consistent estimates from either approach. We then delve deeper into issues of interpretation of quantities of interest in the cointegrated case and provide a practical guide to working with unit root time series followed by an example.

This chapter surveys the history of China from the time of first contact with British traders in the early seventeenth century until the present. It traces the story of English through the era of pidgin English, to English language education in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and recent policies in the People’s Republic of China. Since the opening of China in the late 1970s, English has been officially promoted as a key to modernisation. Today, official attitudes to the language seem to be less enthusiastic than the recent past, but, despite this, the popularity of learning English appears to be undiminished among China’s growing middle classes.

This chapter examines Ralph Waldo Emerson’s seemingly contradictory relation to European Romanticism. Focusing on the concepts of genius, idealism, and originality in key works (Nature, English Traits, and Representative Men), it argues that Emerson’s admiration for English and German Romantic writings was not at odds with his call for cultural independence. Because Emerson understood the genius to be a teacher who empowers his students to reject him, he could imagine any reliance on Coleridge, Wordsworth, or Carlyle as ultimately enabling independence. The philosophical idealism essential to Emerson’s call for cultural independence, moreover, was a mode of perception that defied national categorization and so did not threaten the distinctive American culture he hoped to inaugurate. In his later writings, Emerson also came to clarify a concept of originality that involved the adaptation of inherited forms rather than the invention of new ones. Because borrowing became a precondition for innovation, intellectual debts did not undermine autonomy.

This chapter focuses on how Pater looked at the natural world and art. It discusses how he practiced and thought about the very act of looking. For him, this was both an acutely personal act, and something demanding recognition that the object being looked at has its own specificity – material, historical, and contextual. This chapter asks what qualities he retained as visual touchstones across the broad historical timespan, from the Greeks to the present day, that he addressed; and through the variety of different modes in which he captured the objects of sight – essays, reviews, fiction, and imaginary ‘portraits’ of figures from the past. It shows that all are unified by Pater’s habits of looking, including how he saw colour, and by the process of translation into verbal language, with attention to works including ‘Emerald Uthwart’ and Marius the Epicurean.

With today’s global media attention on climate crises and resource-centered violence, scholars are keenly invested in understanding how we have reached such a dire situation and what it is that has kept us from acting effectively to improve it. With Britain one of the first among the most powerful, assertive, and technologically advanced nations to develop a culture relying on self-worth defined by bourgeois affluence, the Victorian era marks the crucial historical period from which arose our current inability to act decisively as a collective in the face of global environmental destruction. But it also began the first local environmentalist groups, offered literature directly contesting environmental degradation, and created legal legislation regarding the rights of nonhuman animals. Meanwhile, as demonstrated by Indigenous author Kahgegagahbowh (aka George Copway), from the colony of Upper Canada, many who did not identify as British contributed to the shaping of the Victorian Age and its ecological zeitgeist.

This chapter focuses on the derivation and interpretation of functional relations among commuting transfer matrices, which underpin a wide range of powerful techniques in quantum integrable systems. These include spectral equations, Baxter’s TQ-relations, and the analytic Bethe ansatz, as well as methods based on wronskian Bethe equations. Rather than isolated tools, these structures are intricately connected and reveal deep algebraic insights with significant implications, including quantum–classical duality and the completeness problem.

Further emphasis is placed on the group-theoretic structure underlying these functional relations. Connections are drawn with the classical theory of characters, where objects such as Schur polynomials and Jacobi–Trudi formulae lead to bilinear relations naturally interpreted as Hirota equations in the context of transfer matrices. This perspective offers a conceptual bridge between quantum integrable models and classical representation theory, highlighting the unifying role of functional relations in both structure and application. Special attention is given to Q-functions governed by Baxter’s TQ-relations and, more broadly, by determinant identities from the wronskian formalism. These functions encode the transfer matrix eigenvalues and serve as fundamental algebraic objects. Functional methods thus offer powerful tools for exploring integrable models, especially when conventional Bethe ansatz techniques become impractical.

There has been unbroken Anglophone settlement of the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic, since 1833. The current chapter begins with an overview of the islands’ settlement and socio-economic history, taking into consideration migration from the English South-West and the Scottish Highlands, contact in the nineteenth century with Spanish-speaking gauchos, twentieth century population decline and the aftermath of the brief 1982 conflict with Argentina, since which both the population and the economy of the islands have picked up in sociolinguistically consequential ways. The chapter then provides a detailed overview of the phonology, morphosyntax and lexis of contemporary Falkland Island English, based on a near-million word corpus of spoken conversational data collected by Andrea Sudbury in the late 1990s and Hannah Hedegard in early 2020. This description represents, therefore, an update from earlier accounts (e.g. Britain and Sudbury 2010, 2013; Sudbury 2000, 2001, 2004), given our analysis of a very recently collected new corpus.

Before his rehabilitation got under way in the late 1970s, had Emerson really been the object of “repression” by the American philosophical establishment? The validity of the historical claim put forward by Stanley Cavell has always seemed doubtful. In point of fact, Emerson turns out to have, from his day to ours, a largely unbroken chain of legitimate heirs among American philosophers. This chapter, which builds on previous scholarly efforts to correct and complete the record, notably by historians of pragmatism, continues the work of recovering the Emersonian legacy in American philosophy. The multiform nature of that legacy, which extends to pedagogical theory and classroom practice in American schools, raises important questions for historiographers as they deal with changes in cultural and institutional reception over time. Of particular importance is the question raised by Cavell’s own contribution to Emerson studies: what is philosophy’s relation to the broader literary culture?

Bethe ansatz is a fascinating device in the theory of quantum integrable models. It enables the exact determination of the energy spectrum of dynamical systems ranging from integrable spin chains of magnetism to integrable models in high energy physics. It is particularly valuable for computing critical exponents in solvable models of statistical mechanics and plays a significant role in bootstrapping correlation functions in integrable gauge and string theories. Originally introduced in 1931 by Hans Bethe for solving the Heisenberg model of magnetism, the Bethe ansatz has since been extensively generalized and expanded. It now appears in various forms — the algebraic, analytic, functional, and thermodynamic — and has evolved into a universal framework for understanding integrability in quantum many-body systems. This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the Bethe ansatz techniques. It covers the factorized scattering theory and coordinate and algebraic versions of the Bethe ansatz, including the case of nested structures. Advanced methods based on functional relations among commuting transfer matrices and separation of variables are also addressed. A wealth of detailed calculations is included to facilitate the reader's swift engagement with the original literature.

The concluding chapter provides a summary of the findings and arguments developed in the previous chapters. It also provides a reflection on the policy implications of the study for reforming the international governance of the Amazon and other international rainforests, such as the Congo rainforest. Finally, it provides some reflections on how the proposed framework can be applied to global commons, such as the high seas and seabed beyond national jurisdictions, and outer space.

This chapter focuses on what race is and what race is not by looking at the interplay of race and human variation. It notes that while race is not biologically real, the invention of race as a social construct is real in cultural, social, and economic terms, often with deleterious biological consequences.

This chapter considers Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and William Morris’s New from Nowhere (1890) through the lens of the commons and what counts as “common sense.” Taking its cue from a question Morris poses about art’s role in radical social transformation, the chapter asks if the recent environmental turn in Victorian studies is interested in piecemeal or systemic change. Considering both modes of change, the chapter proposes a “poetry of the commons,” grounded in Carroll’s and Morris’s very different approaches to both the commons and common sense, as an alternative to the market economy and as more accurate approximation of how the commons traditionally worked. Accordingly, Alice and News can be seen as laying the foundations for something like “commons sense” and a practice and poetry of the commons adequate to the demands of the climate crisis.