The principal methods used in experimental and observational science typically involve hypothesis testing, follow-ups on serendipitous discoveries, the use of new analytical tools (instrumental, numerical, or statistical) to examine extant samples or data sets, the acquisition of new samples to analyze, and the formulation of theoretical models. Many studies, including those in meteoritics and cosmochemistry, employ several of these methods.

This chapter examines how early British social anthropology developed formal approaches to context that paralleled Wittgenstein’s logical contextualism. It focuses on Radcliffe-Brown’s structural-functionalism and its similarities to Tractarian logic, while contrasting this with Malinowski’s more fluid approach. Through examination of the Cambridge School of anthropology and its influence, the chapter demonstrates how a particular culture of context emerged in early anthropology that privileged formal, logical structure.

This chapter reflects on what international human rights litigation has achieved for labor movements in an era of growing repression and backlash against international courts. Focusing on the experiences of Turkish public sector unions and blacklisted workers in the UK, it addresses a central question: Can international courts meaningfully support workers’ rights in the face of neoliberal restructuring and authoritarian resurgence? The chapter argues that while human rights law is no substitute for rank-and-file mobilization, it has provided activists with tools to contest repression, demand accountability, and carve out political space in hostile environments. Legal victories have not reversed the long-term weakening of organized labor, but they have enabled fragile gains – moments of visibility, legitimacy, and mobilization – that matter both symbolically and materially. Labor’s engagement with human rights remains pragmatic, and hence potentially tenuous; but the resources, aspirations, and alliances this engagement leaves behind can seed future movements. Drawing out both the limits and possibilities of international legal mobilization, the chapter closes by emphasizing the enduring struggles and adaptive strategies of labor in hard times.

This chapter offers a consideration of Crito’s character, based on other information about him from the Phaedo and the Euthydemus.

Heresy was a concept by which Joyce understood his role as evangelist of a new literature. The theology of the heretic Giordano Bruno informs mystical religiosity in a range of Joyce’s fiction; it also influenced Joyce’s overall view of his own mission to challenge Catholicism, which finds its ultimate expression in Finnegans Wake. The place that Bruno affords sensuality within pantheism appealed to Joyce. From Bruno’s thought the corporeal – and sexuality in particular – is significant to reflections on the soul in Joyce’s early fiction, such as Stephen Hero. A heretical reading of St Augustine’s felix culpa, the ‘happy sin’, is central to Joyce’s later novels, underpinning both Molly Bloom’s soliloquy and the vision of God as masturbator in Finnegans Wake. As Joyce’s last novel devotes considerable attention to the work of St Augustine and Newman, and stylistic dialogue with the Bible, the overall task of the Wake can be considered heretical.

The king’s representative was the justiciar, and there was an Irish parliament. Towns and cities were incorporated and much of the country was shired. Ring-forts died out, and people lived mainly in wooden or mud houses, in small settlements or in towns. Bishops’ links with Rome and the proliferation of monastic orders of continental origin built international connections, as did thriving trade with France, Spain, Britain and the Low Countries.

Gaelic-Irish leaders stood fast against Anglo-Normans in some areas and enlisted the aid of Scotland’s Edward Bruce to fight them in 1316–1318. But in general the two groups entwined politically, socially, economically and personally (through marriage) with each other. All professed the same religion, and spoke, or understood, the same language: English was the language of administration and of the king’s representatives, but Irish remained the lingua franca, and most of the towns established by Normans (mostly in Leinster and Munster) had Irish names. Many European texts were translated into Irish. But by 1490, Irish political interests were united enough to support the Yorkists in England’s civil wars. At this stage around Dublin was an area known as the Pale, considered the extent of English power. The Anglo-Norman Fitzgerald dynasty of Kildare emerged as leaders of Ireland by 1500, although in Ulster the O’Neills held sway.

This chapter places labor lawyers center stage, examining their role in advancing labor rights litigation at the ECtHR. The analysis shows how ideologically driven lawyers – often working with limited resources – led international litigation efforts on behalf of unions in the UK and Turkey. Drawing on interviews and case law analysis, it traces how these lawyers identified the ECtHR as a viable target within a broader landscape of international legal institutions and crafted litigation strategies. The chapter conceptualizes this process across three phases: an initial probing phase in the 1990s, marked by uncertainty and experimentation; an expansion phase in the 2000s as the ECtHR signaled growing receptiveness to labor rights; and a post-2010 backlash phase, during which the Court’s authority came under strain. By tracing these developments, the chapter underscores how lawyers bridged local struggles and international legal arenas, expanding the scope of human rights protections while adapting litigation strategies to shifting political constraints at home.

Ordinary-chondrite petrologic types range from unheated type-3.00 to highly recrystallized type-6 samples. During metamorphism, olivine grains in ferroan chondrules become depleted in Cr2O3 as Cr2O3 variability decreases. Matrix olivine grains become more ferroan and bulk matrix loses C, metal, and sulfide. Metamorphism induces whole-rock loss of some H2O, C, noble gases, and volatile mobile elements. Type-6 OC contain homogeneous mafic silicates. The maximum metamorphic temperatures in OC ranged from ~200-260ºC for type 3.00 to ~820-930ºC for type 6. Asteroids were heated mainly by 26Al early in Solar System history and by collisions afterwards. Some OC were annealed after shock. Shock also caused microstructural mineral dislocations. Brecciation and melting can occur during collisions. Indigenous water may be mobilized during heating, leading to aqueous alteration of matrix material and chondrule glass. Carbide-magnetite assemblages and fayalite-silica associations are produced during alteration. Some asteroids of OC composition were melted – IVA iron meteorites were derived from the metal core of one such differentiated asteroid.

Chapter 1 introduces the Nordic nations – Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden – as inspiring examples for transforming capitalism toward sustainability. It establishes their consistent leadership across global benchmarks in areas including sustainability, democracy, and societal well-being. The chapter addresses common misconceptions about Nordic societies, particularly the frequent American mischaracterization of their market economies as “socialist.” Through empirical evidence and personal narrative, it traces the region’s remarkable transformation from nineteenth-century poverty to contemporary shared prosperity. It examines how Nordic experiences might inform improvements to American capitalism, while acknowledging key differences between contexts. It also introduces fundamental features of Nordic capitalism, including universal social systems, stakeholder orientation, and democratic institutions. The chapter concludes by positioning Nordic capitalism as a valuable source of insights for realizing sustainable capitalism, while acknowledging its imperfections and ongoing challenges.

Ireland’s five provinces were ruled over by multiple over and under-kings, with headquarters at Tara, in Midhe/Meath, Cashel in Mumha (later Munster) and Emain Macha in Uladh (later Ulster). Christian settlements from the fifth century (founded by Patrick, Brigid, Columcille, Finnian, Ciarán, Brendan, Íte and many others) forged strong links with Britain and Europe. Learning Latin led to the writing of Irish from the sixth century, and scholarship flourished. Everyone – kings, monks, traders and labourers, bards and the powerful lawyer class, lived in ring fort settlements. They ate mainly the dairy produce abundant in Ireland’s mild climate, meat occasionally, fish near coasts and rivers, pulses, and grains congenial to the region – oats, barley, wheat, rye. A legal tract was devoted to beekeeping. Scandinavian invaders from the late eighth century settled in the trading ports they established – Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick – and were gradually absorbed into Irish life. A high-kingship emerged in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Religion went through several cycles of decay and reform. Dioceses were established in 1152. Conflicts between Irish kings facilitated the invasion of the Anglo-Normans under Strongbow in 1169, bringing the English crown into Irish politics.

This chapter analyses Wittgenstein’s transitional period and his shift from logical to linguistic models of context. Centred on his work in early 1930s and on his ‘Remarks on Frazer’s Golden Bough’, it shows how Wittgenstein moved from seeing context as singular logic to viewing it as multiple ‘logical spaces’ or ‘grammars’. This shift prefigures later anthropological moves away from formal systems while retaining some commitment to structure through language as model.

When God tells Moses at the burning bush that His preferred name is I am that I am, does He encapsulate the ontological argument? Goodman considers, in the light of the reasoning of Philo, Avicenna, Anselm, al-Ghazali, Maimonides, Gödel, and the critiques of Hume, Kant and others.