Lafcadio Hearn’s translations of poetry and short stories substantiate the first serious Irish exploration of Japanese spirituality. In Japanese thought Hearn found both liberation from repressive aspects of Catholicism and alternate perspectives on concepts such as the soul. Initial interest in Shintō drew Hearn to investigate Zen Buddhism. Yeats also read on Zen Buddhism, but was ambivalent on its concept of emptiness, seemingly repelled by the teachings agains individualism. Irish writers such as Helen Waddell were drawn to the sacredness of place in Japanese thought, while David Burleigh’s work has centred on the haiku, the form that interrogates the relationship between nature and spirit.

Chapter 2 establishes the fundamentals of sustainability, building from the Brundtland Report’s definition of sustainable development through contemporary frameworks like planetary boundaries and doughnut economics. It introduces the Earth-as-endowment metaphor to illustrate humanity’s relationship with planetary resources and explores the Nordic region’s significant contributions to sustainability thinking and practice. The chapter examines how overconsumption threatens Earth’s regenerative capacity and details Nordic innovations in environmental protection, circular economy, and climate policy. It concludes by addressing the challenge of overcoming sustainability denial, particularly in the United States, while highlighting the Nordic region’s pragmatic approach to environmental challenges. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes systems thinking and the interconnected nature of sustainability challenges, establishing theoretical foundations for examining capitalism’s role in advancing sustainable development.

Olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositional distributions show a hiatus between H and L, but not between L and LL. Because H, L, and LL chondrites show systematic changes in many characteristics, they must have formed in close proximity. H/L and L/LL chondrites may be anomalous members of one of the major OC groups or representatives of OC bodies of intermediate composition. A few highly reduced OC are either H chondrites that underwent whole-rock reduction or are members of otherwise-unsampled reduced OC bodies. IIE irons likely represent a fourth, reduced OC group. R chondrites resemble OCs but have more matrix material, higher 17O, and are much more oxidized. H, L, and LL chondrites show increasing degrees of oxidation with petrologic type. The bulk chemical and bulk isotopic compositions of OCs show systematic variations among the four principal groups. Metal-silicate fractionation was a nebular process that may have been caused in part by loss of metal from chondrules. OC oxidation state is heterogeneous on global and kilometer-size scales, and homogeneous on meter and smaller size scales. OC bulk O-isotopic composition is heterogeneous on global size scales and homogeneous on km and smaller size scales.

Chapter 7 examines whether the American Dream – centered on freedom, equality of opportunity, and upward mobility – might be better realized in Nordic societies than in the US. Through Isaiah Berlin’s framework of negative freedom (freedom from something) and positive freedom (freedom to something), it analyzes how different varieties of capitalism translate shared aspirations into distinct realities. While American society prioritizes negative freedoms like freedom from taxation and regulation – often benefiting those with power – Nordic societies focus on expanding positive freedoms, such as universal access to healthcare and education. The chapter documents Nordic nations’ superior performance on measures of social mobility and equal opportunity, while exploring how their universal systems function as “efficient hand pumps” expanding positive freedoms. Using public universities as a case study, it demonstrates how American institutions that once enabled broad-based opportunity are being eroded by concentrated private interests. The chapter concludes that realizing the American Dream’s promise requires strong democratic institutions that expand positive freedom for all citizens.

This chapter tests those Indigenous directions and artistic visions of learning environments with close readings of local-level expressions of religious and cultural learning. Anchored in Huejotzingo and Calpan, but contextualized with valley-wide initiatives, the chapter exposees Indigenous contributions to learning environments in ethno-spatial analysis. Artwork and architecture developments from 1550s are exemplified as local interpretations of Christianity and local traditions beyond European prescriptions. The chapter argues for a multicultural reading of the lessons imparted in church courtyards, showing how place-based pedagogy and preexisting modes of learning could have informed convent-goers’ takeaways. Instead of wholly Christian convents were partial and un-wholistic pedagogical expressions, ripe for Burkhart’s slippages. Practice and place-based observances could cause a survivance of local history and Indigenous knowledge to persist, working effectively alongside the dogmatic reading of church art. Here, the overarching vision of learning emerges with critical visual and material culture studies of biblical figures, placements, enjambments, and reassessments of Indigenous sources that may have offered some friction in design choices of architects of the perfect classrooms of colonialism.

Ireland’s two bloodiest centuries began with Henry VIII’s break with Rome and culminated in the brutal and unforgiving conquest of the entire island. Now, Anglo-Normans became ‘Old English’, faithful to Rome making common cause with the Gaelic-Irish. The ‘New English’ and later, Scottish, settled Leix, Offaly and Munster in the sixteenth century, Ulster and (under Cromwell) everywhere, in the seventeenth. Resistance was strong and sometimes, as in the Nine Years War, 1594–1603, and the Catholic Confederacy of the 1640s during England’s Civil War, almost successful. Ireland was later the sideshow of a larger European conflict, when several nationalities fought in the Williamite wars of the 1690s.

There were some Irish conversions to the Church of Ireland (i.e. the official Protestant church), but the continental-trained clergy of the Catholic Reformation defied persecution to keep Catholicism the majority religion. Protestants were a majority only in the north-east. However, the majority ownership of land in the country as a whole moved from Catholic to Protestant.

The shiring of Ireland was completed, transport and communication was improved, cities grew, trade remained lively. Irish remained the majority language, and a flowering of Irish-language scholarship preserved old texts and created new ones.

For a long time, Greek sanctuaries were studied from a positivist perspective, that is, in terms of their spatial evolution and the typologies of their architecture and artefacts. At the sanctuary of Dodona, this perspective has also been applied to a great variety of structures and objects. The present paper offers new ways of looking at one of the most intriguing classes of objects found at the sanctuary, the lamellae on which were written the questions for and answers from the oracle. Consistent with the growing interest in the materiality of writing, we discuss the physical properties of the lamellae and the contexts in which they were used with respect to their adoption at the sanctuary during the Archaic period. We argue that the ease with which lead tablets can be inscribed, folded, and transported made this material more suitable for the context of the sanctuary than ostraca, another inexpensive medium often used for writing in ancient Greece.

The conclusion examines more contemporary versions of anthropology’s dominant current of antiformalism. Tracing this pattern across diverse approaches – embodiment, assemblage thinking, infrastructure – it reveals how a certain sort of Wittgensteinian antiformalism has become orthodox. While scholarship focussed on form exists, it remains largely subordinate to an implicit picture that finds ethnographic facts ‘unanalysable, specific, indefinable’. By contextualzing this stance, the conclusion suggests holding commitments – formalist or antiformalist – more lightly in order to recover explanatory power without sacrificing reflexivity.

CAI formation began 4.567 Ga ago and ferromagnesian chondrules formed 2-2.7 Ma later. The order of OC parent-body accretion may have been (from earliest to latest) IIE, H, L, LL. Ordinary chondrites formed in the Inner Solar System along with other noncarbonaceous materials. 26Al decay was the primary asteroidal heat source. Ordinary chondrites have been modeled as being a significant component of Earth. Each OC asteroid was subject to major collisions. These are marked by peaks in cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) age distributions: for example, 45% of H chondrites have a CRE age of ~7.5 Ma. The U/Th-He ages of L chondrites are lower than those of H or LL chondrites due to the collisional breakup of the L parent body ~470 Ma ago. The lower maturity of OC asteroidal regoliths compared to lunar regolith is due to OC asteroids’ experiencing a lower micrometeorite flux, lower average projectile velocities, more-significant spallation processes, and having an ultramafic composition. Some OC are associated with abundant non-OC material; these include OC clasts in Cumberland Falls (aubrite), Almahata Sitta (anomalous ureilite), Bencubbin (CBa chondrite), Galim (EH/LL breccia), and Kaidun (carbonaceous-chondrite breccia).

The introduction provides an overview of the analysis of the dialogue.