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2107 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 38 of 106

The Last Man and Gothic Sympathy

The Last Man and Gothic Sympathy
  • Michael Cameron
  • Published online:
    22 February 2024
    Print publication:
    28 March 2024
  • This Element explores the theme of 'Gothic sympathy' as it appears in a collection of 'Last Man' novels. A liminal site of both possibility and irreconcilability, Gothic sympathy at once challenges the anthropocentric bias of traditional notions of sympathetic concern, premising compassionate relations with other beings – animal, vegetal, etc. – beyond the standard measure of the liberal-humanist subject, and at the same time acknowledges the horror that is the ineluctable and untranslatable otherness accompanying, interrupting, and shaping such a sympathetic connection. Many examples of 'Last Man' fiction explore the dialectical impasse of Gothic sympathy by dramatizing complicated relationships between a lone liberal-humanist subject and other-than-human or posthuman subjects that will persist beyond humanity's extinction. Such confrontations as they appear in Mary Shelley's The Last Man, H.G. Wells's The Time Machine, and Richard Matheson's I Am Legend will be explored.
Open Theism

Open Theism
  • Alan R. Rhoda
  • Published online:
    22 February 2024
    Print publication:
    21 March 2024
  • This Element shows Open theism as a monotheist model of God according to which the future is objectively open-ended, not just from the finite perspective of creation, but from God's perspective as well. This Element has three main sections. The first carefully defines open theism, distinguishes its major variants, compares it to other monotheistic models, and summarizes its history. The second develops biblical and philosophical arguments for open theism against its main rivals, emphasizing a novel philosophical argument that a causally open future must also be ontically, alethically, epistemically, and providentially open as well. The third responds to common objections against open theism related to perfect being theology, the ethics of risk-taking, biblical prophecy, and theological tradition.
Philosophical, Medical, and Legal Controversies About Brain Death

Philosophical, Medical, and Legal Controversies About Brain Death
  • L. Syd M Johnson
  • Published online:
    22 February 2024
    Print publication:
    21 March 2024
  • This Element considers current legal, ethical, metaphysical, and medical controversies concerning brain death. It examines the implicit metaphysical and moral commitments and dualism implied by neurological criteria for death. When these commitments and worldview are not shared by patients and surrogates, they give rise to distrust in healthcare providers and systems, and to injustice, particularly when medicolegal definitions of death are coercively imposed on those who reject them. Ethical obligations to respect persons and patient autonomy, promote patient-centered care, foster and maintain trust, and respond to the demands of justice provide compelling ethical reasons for recognizing reasonable objections. Each section illustrates how seemingly academic debates about brain death have real, on-the-ground implications for patients and their families.
Aberrant Capitalism

Aberrant Capitalism
  • The Decay and Revival of Customer Capitalism
  • Hunter Hastings, Stephen Denning
  • Published online:
    21 February 2024
    Print publication:
    14 March 2024
  • The corporation was a timely emergent phenomenon of the capitalist system. Under entrepreneurial ownership with customer value creation goals, corporations introduced new products and services, new capital structures and new management processes capable of improving customer experiences in every facet of their lives. After entrepreneurship, the organizational model transitioned to managerial capitalism, and from there into command-and-control and central planning. Then came further transition into the era of financialization, where shareholder value replaced customer value as the purpose of the corporation. Managers diverted resources to their own enrichment as well as that of shareholders, at the expense of investment in future innovation. Capitalism's reputation has become tarnished and its purpose distorted. This Element ends with the promise of another emergent era, via the corporations of the digital age.
The Challenges of Born-Digital Fiction

The Challenges of Born-Digital Fiction
  • Editions, Translations, and Emulations
  • Dene Grigar, Mariusz Pisarski
  • Published online:
    21 February 2024
    Print publication:
    21 March 2024
  • The Challenges of Born-Digital Fiction: Editions, Translations, and Emulations addresses the growing concern about how best to maintain and extend the accessibility of early interactive novels and hypertext fiction or narratives. These forms of born-digital literature were produced before or shortly after the mainstreaming of the World Wide Web with proprietary software and on formats now obsolete. Preserving and extending them for a broad study by scholars of book culture, literary studies, and digital culture necessitate they are migrated, translated, and emulated – yet these activities can impact the integrity of the reader experience. Thus, this Element centers on three key challenges facing such efforts: (1) precision of references: identifying correct editions and versions of migrated works in scholarship; (2) enhanced media translation: approaching translation informed by the changing media context in a collaborative environment; and (3) media integrity: relying on emulation as the prime mode for long-term preservation of born-digital novels.
Feminismos en América Latina

Feminismos en América Latina
  • Redes anidadas por el derecho al aborto en México y Brasil
  • Gisela Zaremberg, Debora Rezende de Almeida
  • Published online:
    20 February 2024
    Print publication:
    31 October 2024
  • Este Element analiza las características de los movimientos feministas actuales en América Latina y sus respuestas a las reacciones conservadoras. Para ello, nos enfocamos específicamente en el movimiento proaborto frente al contramovimiento antiaborto en México y Brasil. Para analizar los efectos potenciales de los movimientos ofrecemos un enfoque relacional que abarca tanto la dinámica dentro del propio campo feminista, como entre el feminismo y el estado. En primer lugar, proponemos el concepto de redes feministas anidadas. Las redes anidadas comprenden tres dimensiones que revelan la pluralidad del movimiento a través de: cuestiones interseccionales y de identidad sexual (dimensión horizontal), de su relación con el estado multifacético (vertical) y de la intermediación de los partidos políticos y las instituciones participativas en esta relación (intermedia). En segundo lugar, argumentamos que las redes anidadas permiten a las feministas tanto habilitar políticas como bloquear acciones de los conservadores. En resumen, exploramos cómo las feministas, aprovechando su pluralidad interna y su conexión con el estado, pueden contrarrestar los ataques conservadores.
Recurrence Interval Analysis of Financial Time Series

Recurrence Interval Analysis of Financial Time Series
  • Wei-Xing Zhou, Zhi-Qiang Jiang, Wen-Jie Xie
  • Published online:
    20 February 2024
    Print publication:
    21 March 2024
  • Extreme events are ubiquitous in nature and social society, including natural disasters, accident disasters, crises in public health (such as Ebola and the COVID-19 pandemic), and social security incidents (wars, conflicts, and social unrest). These extreme events will heavily impact financial markets and lead to the appearance of extreme fluctuations in financial time series. Such extreme events lack statistics and are thus hard to predict. Recurrence interval analysis provides a feasible solution for risk assessment and forecasting. This Element aims to provide a systemic description of the techniques and research framework of recurrence interval analysis of financial time series. The authors also provide perspectives on future topics in this direction.
Jewish Monotheism and Slavery

Jewish Monotheism and Slavery
  • Catherine Hezser
  • Published online:
    19 February 2024
    Print publication:
    14 March 2024
  • Biblical monotheism imagines God as a slave master who owns and has total control over humans as his slaves, who are expected to show obedience to him. The theological use of slavery metaphors has a limited value, however, and is deeply problematic from the perspective of real-life slave practices. Ancient authors already supplemented the metaphor of God as a slave master with other images and emphasized God's difference from human slave owners. Ancient and modern experiences of and attitudes toward slavery determined the understanding and applicability of the slavery metaphors. This Element examines the use of slavery metaphors in ancient Judaism and Christianity in the context of the social reality of slavery, modern abolitionism, and historical-critical approaches to the ancient texts.
Antinatalism, Extinction, and the End of Procreative Self-Corruption

Antinatalism, Extinction, and the End of Procreative Self-Corruption
  • Matti Häyry, Amanda Sukenick
  • Published online:
    19 February 2024
    Print publication:
    14 March 2024
    • Element
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  • This Element provides an exploration of antinatalism, the view that assigns a negative value to reproduction. First, the history of Western philosophy as a two-and-a-half millennia reaction to antinatalist sentiments. Human life has no obvious meaning and philosophers have been forced to build elaborate theories to invent imaginary purposes. Second, analysis of the concept of antinatalism in the light of human extinction. If people stop having children, the species will cease to exist, and this prospect has prompted attempts to find alternatives and excuses. Third, outlines a normative view defending antinatalism both theoretically and practically. If it is wrong to bring about suffering in the absence of redeeming meaning and if it is possible to create meaning only by imposing a pronatalist mentality upon children before they can make up their own minds, parents morally corrupt themselves by procreating. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Social Factors and L2 Phonetics and Phonology

Social Factors and L2 Phonetics and Phonology
  • Jette G. Hansen Edwards
  • Published online:
    19 February 2024
    Print publication:
    14 March 2024
  • This Element provides readers with a detailed overview of the social factors that affect second language (L2) phonology acquisition and use. Through a state-of-the art synthesis of the relevant literature, this Element addresses the following questions: What do we mean by social factors? Which social factors have been investigated in research on L2 phonological acquisition and use? How and why do social factors affect L2 phonological acquisition (production and perception) and use? What are the implications of the social factor findings for teaching L2 pronunciation? The Element answers these questions through a synthesis of key findings in research on social factors and L2 phonology. Conclusions and implications for teaching, as well as key readings and references, follow the research synthesis.
Claim-Making in Comparative Perspective

Claim-Making in Comparative Perspective
  • Everyday Citizenship Practice and Its Consequences
  • Janice K. Gallagher, Gabrielle Kruks-Wisner, Whitney K. Taylor
  • Published online:
    16 February 2024
    Print publication:
    14 March 2024
  • Claim-making – the everyday strategies through which citizens pursue rights fulfilment – is often overlooked in studies of political behavior, which tend to focus on highly visible, pivotal moments: elections, mass protests, high court decisions, legislative decisions. But what of the politics of the everyday? This Element takes up this question, drawing together research from Colombia, South Africa, India, and Mexico. The authors argue that claim-making is a distinct form of citizenship practice characterized by its everyday nature, which is neither fully programmatic nor clientelistic; and which is prevalent in settings marked by gaps between the state's de jure commitments to rights and their de facto realization. Under these conditions, claim making is both meaningful (there are rights to be secured) and necessary (fulfillment is far from guaranteed). Claim-making of this kind is of critical consequence, both materially and politically, with the potential to shape how citizens engage (or disengage) the state.
From Randomness and Entropy to the Arrow of Time

From Randomness and Entropy to the Arrow of Time
  • Lena Zuchowski
  • Published online:
    16 February 2024
    Print publication:
    14 March 2024
  • The Element reconstructs, analyses and compares different derivational routes to a grounding of the Arrow of Time in entropy. It also evaluates the link between entropy and visible disorder, and the related claim of an alignment of the Arrow of Time with a development from order to visible disorder. The Element identifies three different entropy-groundings for the Arrow of Time: (i) the Empirical Arrow of Time, (ii) the Universal Statistical Arrow of Time, and (iii) the Local Statistical Arrow of Time. The Element will also demonstrate that it is unlikely that high entropy states will always coincide with visible disorder. Therefore, it will dispute that there is a strong link between the Arrow of Time and visible disorder.
Item Response Theory for Creativity Measurement

Item Response Theory for Creativity Measurement
  • Nils Myszkowski
  • Published online:
    16 February 2024
    Print publication:
    14 March 2024
  • Item-response theory (IRT) represents a key advance in measurement theory. Yet, it is largely absent from curricula, textbooks and popular statistical software, and often introduced through a subset of models. This Element, intended for creativity and innovation researchers, researchers-in-training, and anyone interested in how individual creativity might be measured, aims to provide 1) an overview of classical test theory (CTT) and its shortcomings in creativity measurement situations (e.g., fluency scores, consensual assessment technique, etc.); 2) an introduction to IRT and its core concepts, using a broad view of IRT that notably sees CTT models as particular cases of IRT; 3) a practical strategic approach to IRT modeling; 4) example applications of this strategy from creativity research and the associated advantages; and 5) ideas for future work that could advance how IRT could better benefit creativity research, as well as connections with other popular frameworks.
Uncertainty and Emotion in the 1900 Sydney Plague

Uncertainty and Emotion in the 1900 Sydney Plague
  • Philippa Nicole Barr
  • Published online:
    16 February 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • When the third global plague pandemic reached Sydney in 1900, theories regarding the ecology and biology of disease transmission were transforming. Changing understandings led to conflicts over the appropriate response. Medical and government authorities employed symbols like dirt to address gaps in knowledge. They used these symbols strategically to compel emotional responses and to advocate for specific political and social interventions, authorising institutional actions to shape social identity and the city in preparation for Australia's 1901 Federation. Through theoretical and historical analysis, this Element argues that disgust and aversion were effectively mobilised to legitimise these actions. As an intervention in contemporary debates about the impact of knowledge on emotion and affect, it presents a case for the plasticity of emotions like disgust, and for how both emotion and affect can change with new medical information.
The Church of St. Polyeuktos at Constantinople

The Church of St. Polyeuktos at Constantinople
  • Fabian Stroth
  • Published online:
    16 February 2024
    Print publication:
    21 March 2024
  • The Church of St. Polyeuktos is one of the most magnificent, but also most peculiar architectural achievements in Byzantine Constantinople. The accidental rediscovery of the building during construction work in Istanbul in the 1960s is legendary and considered one of the most sensational finds in Byzantine archaeology. Built by the aristocrat Lady Anicia Juliana, the reconstruction of the structure and the interpretation of its strange forms continue to challenge scholars today. The building gave rise to a whole series of archaeo-historical narratives, in which the City's byzantine protagonists and major monuments were woven into a coherent plot. This Element on the archaeology of St. Polyeuktos takes a closer look at these narratives and subject them to critical examination. In the end, the study of St. Polyeuktos will tell us as much about Byzantine architectural history in the second half of the twentieth century as about early Byzantine architecture itself.
New Structural Financial Economics

New Structural Financial Economics
  • A Framework for Rethinking the Role of Finance in Serving the Real Economy
  • Justin Yifu Lin, Jiajun Xu, Zirong Yang, Yilin Zhang
  • Published online:
    15 February 2024
    Print publication:
    29 February 2024
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  • This Element proposes an alternative framework for rethinking the role of finance in serving the real economy from the perspective of New Structural Financial Economics. It challenges the conventional wisdom that developing countries should take the financial structure of developed countries as the benchmark and financial structure does not matter in spurring long-run economic development. As a sub-discipline of New Structural Economics, New Structural Financial Economics has three tenets. First, examining the appropriate financial structure should take an economy's factor endowment structure as the starting point of analysis, which identifies its latent comparative advantage. Second, the appropriate financial structure is determined by the financing needs of the prevailing production structure. Third, a government should provide development financing to address market failures, and make tailored financial regulations in line with the characteristics of specific financial arrangements. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Shell Money

Shell Money
  • A Comparative Study
  • Mikael Fauvelle
  • Published online:
    15 February 2024
    Print publication:
    21 March 2024
    • Element
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  • Where, when, and under what circumstances did money first emerge? This Element examines this question through a comparative study of the use of shells to facilitate trade and exchange in ancient societies around the world. It argues that shell money was a form of social technology that expanded political-economic capacities by enabling long-distance trade across boundaries and between strangers. The Element examines several cases in which shells and shell beads permeated throughout daily life and became central to the economic functioning of the societies that used them. In several of these cases, it argues that shells were used in ways that meet all the standard definitions of modern money. By examining the wide range of uses of shell money in ancient economic systems around the world, this Element explores the diversity of forms that money has taken throughout human history. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Acute Spontaneous Posterior Fossa Haemorrhage

Acute Spontaneous Posterior Fossa Haemorrhage
  • Lauren Harris, Patrick Grover
  • Published online:
    15 February 2024
    Print publication:
    29 February 2024
  • Non-traumatic posterior fossa haemorrhage accounts for approximately 10% of all intracranial haematomas, and 1.5% of all strokes. In the posterior fossa, a small amount of mass effect can have dramatic effects, due to its small volume. This can be due to immediate transmission of pressure to the brainstem, or via occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius or compression of the fourth ventricle, leading to acute obstructive hydrocephalus, with the risk of tonsillar herniation. Timely investigations and management are essential to maximise good outcomes. This Element offers a brief overview of posterior fossa haemorrhage. It looks at the anatomy, aetiology, management, and surgical options, with a review of the available evidence to guide practice.
The New Age Movement

The New Age Movement
  • Margrethe Løøv
  • Published online:
    14 February 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
  • This Element introduces New Age religion. The New Age Movement is a loosely cohesive conglomerate of different spiritual currents with no common founder, leader, institution, dogma, or scripture. Because of its diversity, it may appear amorphous and incoherent at first sight. This Element emphasizes both the unity and diversity of the New Age. It approaches the phenomenon from three main perspectives: 1) the historical development of New Age religion, 2) ideas and practices associated with the New Age, and 3) the social organization of the New Age movement. It thus provides a wide-angle view that sketches out some of the main patterns that emerge from a mosaic of individual currents and actors associated with the New Age. It also highlights some of the differences within the movement by exploring some ideas and practices in depth.
Wittgenstein and Ethics

Wittgenstein and Ethics
  • Anne-Marie Søndergaard Christensen
  • Published online:
    14 February 2024
    Print publication:
    14 March 2024
  • In Ludwig Wittgenstein's writings, ethics takes a central place in his thinking. This element investigates his engagement with ethics in both early and later thinking. Starting from the remarks on ethics in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and the framing of these remarks, it presents two influential approaches to Tractarian ethics, before it develops a coherent reading of ethics in the early thinking, focusing on ethical silence and the relationship notions of world and the philosophical 'I'. The reading of 'A Lecture on Ethics' focuses on the critique of ethical theory and the personal dimension of ethics, two themes also running through Wittgenstein's later thinking. It considers Wittgenstein's later ethical investigations, of ethical examples, ethically relevant language uses of language and the connections between reflections on ethics and living. It also considers the role of the other in Wittgenstein's later thinking.

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