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2144 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 1 of 108

Deep Learning in Quantitative Trading

Deep Learning in Quantitative Trading
  • Zihao Zhang, Stefan Zohren
  • Published online:
    03 October 2025
    Print publication:
    31 October 2025
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  • This Element provides a comprehensive guide to deep learning in quantitative trading, merging foundational theory with hands-on applications. It is organized into two parts. The first part introduces the fundamentals of financial time-series and supervised learning, exploring various network architectures, from feedforward to state-of-the-art. To ensure robustness and mitigate overfitting on complex real-world data, a complete workflow is presented, from initial data analysis to cross-validation techniques tailored to financial data. Building on this, the second part applies deep learning methods to a range of financial tasks. The authors demonstrate how deep learning models can enhance both time-series and cross-sectional momentum trading strategies, generate predictive signals, and be formulated as an end-to-end framework for portfolio optimization. Applications include a mixture of data from daily data to high-frequency microstructure data for a variety of asset classes. Throughout, they include illustrative code examples and provide a dedicated GitHub repository with detailed implementations.
The Metaphysics of Legal Facts

The Metaphysics of Legal Facts
  • Samuele Chilovi
  • Published online:
    30 September 2025
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    31 October 2025
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  • This Element tackles the question of how – in what way, and in virtue of what – facts about the legal properties and relations of particulars (such as their rights, duties, powers, etc.) are metaphysically explained. This question is divided into two separate issues. First, the Element focuses on the nature of the explanatory relation connecting legal facts to their metaphysical determinants. Second, it looks into the kinds of entities that figure in the explanation of legal facts. In doing so, special attention is paid to the role that laws, or legal norms, play in such explanations. As it turns out, there are different ways in which legal facts might be explained, all of which have something to be said in their favor, and none of which is immune from problems. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Evolutionary Selection and Keynes–Schumpeter Macroeconomics

Evolutionary Selection and Keynes–Schumpeter Macroeconomics
  • Önder Nomaler, Danilo Spinola, Bart Verspagen
  • Published online:
    30 September 2025
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    16 October 2025
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  • This Element develops a stock-flow consistent agent-based macroeconomic model with Schumpeterian and Keynesian characteristics. On the Schumpeterian side, technological change is modelled as productivity growth as a result of research and development (R&D). The R&D strategies of firms are determined by an evolutionary selection process. On the Keynesian side, demand is endogenous on current income and the stock of households' financial wealth. In the long run, an evolutionary stable R&D strategy of firms emerges, leading to endogenous productivity growth. Demand adjusts endogenously to match labour-saving productivity growth, so that the employment rate is stationary, although with business cycle fluctuations. The authors use Monte Carlo simulations to analyze the emergence of an evolutionary stable R&D strategy, as well as the long-run properties of the model and the nature of business cycles. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
English Madrigals on the Jesuit Stage

English Madrigals on the Jesuit Stage
  • Musical Theatre of Martyrdom at the Venerable English College, Rome
  • Alana Mailes
  • Published online:
    30 September 2025
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    31 October 2025
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  • Throughout the early Stuart period, Catholic seminarians at the Venerable English College, Rome, staged elaborate religious plays for multinational audiences on a nearly annual basis, typically Neo-Latin dramas about martyred English saints. This study shares original archival findings to critically reconstruct the many varieties of music featured in these productions, from French solo song to English madrigals and balletts. This collection of dramatic music includes surviving evidence of English compositions performed in seventeenth-century Italy. The author argues that by embracing foreign musical cultures while also deploying their own musical talents, repertoires, practices, and patronage in service to dramatizations of Catholic martyrdom, this English community was uniquely positioned to build cultural, social, and political connections between Britain and the European Continent during a significant period of rising English hegemony in the Mediterranean region and wider world.
A Bit Too Simple

A Bit Too Simple
  • Narratives of Development, Sustainability and Climate Change
  • Mette Fog Olwig
  • Published online:
    30 September 2025
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    31 October 2025
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  • Narratives like those portraying development workers as heroes and local populations as victims needing to be saved from their own unsustainable practices have led to problematic policies and interventions. Based on fieldwork across four continents, this Element critically analyzes such metanarratives. First, it demonstrates the ways their simplifying, universalistic narrative plots fail to capture more complex lived realities. Second, it argues that such metanarratives on development are converging with influential metanarratives on climate change and sustainability, thereby strengthening hierarchical geopolitical mindsets. Third, it uncovers how the emergence of for-profit sustainability superhero metanarratives reinforces universalistic development logics by combining these logics with global business management logics. The Element concludes that a multiplicity of locally grounded stories and related forms of agency must be mobilized and recognized so that policy and practice are premised upon lived realities, not abstract and unrealistic global imaginaries. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Logical Pluralism

Logical Pluralism
  • Colin R. Caret
  • Published online:
    30 September 2025
    Print publication:
    23 October 2025
  • Logical pluralism is the view that there is more than one correct logic. This view emerged in a dialectical context in which certain laws of logic were hotly debated by philosophers. For example, philosophers have spilled a great deal of ink over the logical principle of explosion ('from a contradiction, everything follows'). One side in the debate accepts this principle, the other side rejects it. It is exceedingly natural to assume that these rival points of view are incompatible, hence one side of the debate is correct while the other is incorrect. This is logical monism: the view that there is exactly one correct logic. Pluralists argue that the monistic assumption is subtly and surprisingly wrong. According to the pluralist, some logics that appear to be irreconcilable rivals are, in fact, both correct in their own ways. This Element will explain the debate over logical pluralism in an accessible manner.
Kant Incorporated

Kant Incorporated
  • Garrath Williams
  • Published online:
    30 September 2025
    Print publication:
    30 November 2025
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  • Corporations are legal bodies with duties and powers distinct from those of individual people. Kant discusses them in many places. He endorses universities and churches; he criticises feudal orders and some charitable foundations; he condemns early business corporations' overseas activities. This Element argues that Kant's practical philosophy offers a systematic basis for understanding these bodies. Corporations bridge the central distinctions of his practical philosophy: ethics versus right, public versus private right. Corporations can extend freedom, structure moral activity, and aid progress towards more rightful conditions. Kant's thought also highlights a fundamental threat. In every corporation, some people exercise the corporation's legal powers, without the same liabilities as private individuals. This threatens Kant's principle of innate equality: no citizen should have greater legal rights than any other. This Element explores the justifications and safeguards needed to deal with this threat. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy

Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy
  • Mark W. Tomlinson, Rahul J. D'Mello, Lori M. Tam, Bernard Gonik
  • Published online:
    30 September 2025
    Print publication:
    01 April 2027
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  • Cardiac disease complicating pregnancy is present in a relatively small number of women; however, it accounts for a disproportionate share of maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in developing/emerging countries. The prevalence of cardiac disease in pregnancy is increasing and there are multiple underlying etiologies with wide-ranging severity. Normal adaptions during pregnancy often further challenge already compromised anatomic and physiologic compensatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system, increasing the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. In this Element, the authors describe how these changes alter nonpregnant physiology with a variety of preexisting and newly diagnosed cardiac conditions. Maternal and fetal risks are reviewed. Diagnosis and management, from before conception through the postpartum period including appropriate contraception, is discussed. The goal of this review is to increase understanding of the importance of cardiac disease in pregnancy and encourage high-quality multidisciplinary care, and thus improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Creative Agency Unbound

Creative Agency Unbound
  • Ronald A. Beghetto, Maciej Karwowski
  • Published online:
    30 September 2025
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    23 October 2025
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  • Creative Agency Unbound explores how individuals transform creative potential into creative actions. Creative agency refers to the self-directed capacity to envision and enact meaningful changes within contextual constraints. This Element introduces the updated Creative Behavior as Agentic Action (CBAA) model, explaining four key decision points that shape creative engagement: Can I do this creatively? (creative confidence), Should I do this creatively? (creative centrality), Will I do this creatively? (creative risk-taking), and How will I do this creatively? (creative self-regulation). Each decision and its related self-belief is discussed in successive sections, integrating theory, research, and practical applications to illustrate how creative self-beliefs motivate creative behaviors. This Element serves as a foundational resource for those seeking to understand, study, and foster the transformation of creative potential into creative action.
The Epistemology of Logic

The Epistemology of Logic
  • Ben Martin
  • Published online:
    29 September 2025
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    23 October 2025
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  • Compared to our appreciation of the epistemology of the sciences and mathematics, we have a relatively poor understanding of the epistemology of logic. This Element highlights three causes of this lack of progress: (i) failure to distinguish between the epistemology of logical theorising and that of good (logical) reasoning; (ii) hesitancy to base epistemology of logic on how logicians actually justify their logics, rather than our own presumptions about logic; and (iii) a presumption that the epistemology of logic must be significantly different to other research areas, such as the recognised sciences. The Element ends by highlighting what can be achieved by avoiding these pitfalls, presenting an account of theory-choice in logic, logical predictivism, motivated by actual logical practice, which suggests that the mechanisms of theory-choice in logic are not that different to those in the recognised sciences. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Bureaucratic Resistance in Times of Democratic Backsliding

Bureaucratic Resistance in Times of Democratic Backsliding
  • João V. Guedes-Neto, B. Guy Peters
  • Published online:
    26 September 2025
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    16 October 2025
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  • This Element investigates how public employees react to illiberal policies proposed by authoritarian leaders during democratic backsliding. Using survey experiments employed with 942 bureaucrats from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Brazil, the research explores their willingness to resist the implementation of illiberal policies. Findings show a significant readiness for resistance. The results indicate varying levels of resistance across countries, with Brazilian bureaucrats showing the highest, followed by British and American counterparts. Additionally, within-country analysis identifies individual characteristics affecting the intent to resist. The Element explores the dynamic relationship between politicians and bureaucrats, the autonomy of civil servants, and the perils of working under autocratic leadership. It also underscores the need for tailored strategies in recruiting and retaining public employees to uphold democratic values. These findings shed light on the complex dynamics between bureaucrats and democratic governance, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding institutions in times of authoritarian challenges.
Wittgenstein on Private Language, Sensation and Perception

Wittgenstein on Private Language, Sensation and Perception
  • Michael Hymers
  • Published online:
    26 September 2025
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    23 October 2025
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  • Wittgenstein's critique of private language in the Philosophical Investigations does not attempt to refute the possibility of a private sensation-language, let alone in any one argument, as has often been thought. Nor does it aim to establish that language is intrinsically social. Instead, PI §§243–315 presents a series of arguments, suggestions, questions, examples and thought-experiments whose purpose is to undermine the temptation to think of sensations and perceptual experiences as private objects occupying a private phenomenal space. These themes are clear developments of Wittgenstein's earlier critique of sense-datum theories (1929–1936) and his insight that naming is more complex than he had assumed in the Tractatus.
The Scope of Evolutionary Thinking

The Scope of Evolutionary Thinking
  • Thomas A. C. Reydon
  • Published online:
    23 September 2025
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    23 October 2025
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  • Evolutionary theory has found its way into a staggeringly large diversity of fields outside the biological sciences. This Element examines how crossovers of evolutionary theory from biology into other fields occur, and in what ways such fields can be meaningfully considered evolutionary fields of research. Cases of crossover of evolutionary theory have so far not been examined systematically by philosophers of science, and this Element aims to start with developing a philosophical account of this practice as a general strategy in science. It shows that theory crossovers do not consist in straightforward applications of a generally accepted version of evolutionary theory to non-biological phenomena, but must be understood differently. Alternatively, it is suggested that crossovers of evolutionary theory involve a general style of thinking and shown how this provides a unifying perspective on crossovers of evolutionary theory between fields. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Modelling Evolution

Modelling Evolution
  • Walter Veit
  • Published online:
    22 September 2025
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    16 October 2025
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  • This Element discusses the central role of models within evolutionary biology, offering an accessible introduction and synthesis of literature in both evolutionary biology and the philosophy of models. We will examine three questions: first, what does it mean to be a 'model' and to engage in 'modelling'? Second, what types of models are employed within evolutionary biology? Third, how can models of evolution be tested? In exploring the answers to these questions, this Element hopes to highlight how evolutionary biology and philosophy of biology can usefully interact to understand conceptual and methodological problems arising from modelling evolution.
Plato's Unwritten Doctrines

Plato's Unwritten Doctrines
  • Carl Séan O'Brien
  • Published online:
    22 September 2025
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    16 October 2025
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  • This Element examines the arguments advanced by the Tübingen-Milan School in support of the claim that Plato had Unwritten Doctrines (agrapha dogmata), revealed in Aristotle and other testimonia and indicated – but not explicitly treated – in some of his dialogues. The Unwritten Doctrines are primarily concerned with Plato's Theory of Principles of (the One and the Indefinite Dyad) which accounts for unity and multiplicity respectively. This Element considers two opposing approaches to reading Plato: that of sola scriptura (through the writings alone) or via the tradition. While it may appear counter-intuitive to privilege other sources over Plato's own works, his criticism of writing in the Phaedrus and the 'deliberate gaps', where he teases the reader with the possibility of a fuller response than that provided on the current occasion, firmly indicate the existence of doctrines not committed to his dialogues.
The People of Print

The People of Print
  • Eighteenth-Century England
  • Adam James Smith, Rachel Stenner, Kaley Kramer, Helen Williams, Jacob Baxter, Kate Ozment, Sarah Griffin, Lisa Maruca, Barbara Crosbie, Dominic Bridge, John Hinks
  • Published online:
    20 September 2025
    Print publication:
    16 October 2025
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  • This collection profiles understudied figures in the book and print trades of the eighteenth century. With an explicit focus on intervening in the critical history of the trades, this volume profiles seven women and three men, emphasising the broad range of material, cultural, and ideological work these people undertook. It offers a biographical introduction to each figure, placing them in their social, professional, and institutional settings. The collection considers varied print trade roles including that of the printer, publisher, business-owner, and bookseller, as well as several specific trade networks and numerous textual forms. The biographies draw on extensive new archival research, with details of key sources for further study on each figure. Chronologically organised, this Element offers a primer both on individual figures and on the tribulations and innovations of the print trade in the century of national and print expansion.
The <i>Pseudo-Clementine</i> Tradition

The Pseudo-Clementine Tradition
  • The Hermeneutics of Late-Ancient Sophistic Christianity
  • Benjamin M. J. De Vos
  • Published online:
    19 September 2025
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    16 October 2025
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  • This Element, through detailed example, scrutinizes the exact nature of Christian storytelling in the case of the Greek Pseudo-Clementines, or Klementia, and examines what exactly is involved in the correct interpretation of this Christian prose fiction as a redefined pepaideumenos. In the act of such reconsideration of paideia, Greek cultural capital, and the accompanying reflections on prose literature and fiction, it becomes clear that the Klementinist exploits certain cases of intertextual and meta-literary reflections on the Greek novelistic fiction, such as Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe and Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Cleitophon, in order to evoke these reconsiderations of storytelling, interpretive hermeneutics, and one's role as a culturally Greek reader pepaideumenos. This Element argues that the Klementia bears witness to a rich, dynamic, and Sophistic context in which reflections on paideia, dynamics regarding Greek identity, and literary production were neatly intertwined with reflections on reading and interpreting truth and fiction.
Peasant Economies and Societies in Ancient Roman Iberia

Peasant Economies and Societies in Ancient Roman Iberia
  • Jesús Bermejo Tirado, Ignasi Grau Mira
  • Published online:
    19 September 2025
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    09 October 2025
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  • This Element revisits the historiographical and archaeological paradigms of Roman rural economies, with a particular focus on the peasant communities of Roman Iberia. Traditionally overshadowed by the dominance of the villa schiavistica model, which centers on large-scale slave-operated agricultural estates, recent interdisciplinary research has unveiled the complexity and persistence of peasant economies. By integrating data from archaeological surveys, rescue excavations, and textual analyses, this volume highlights the significance of dispersed settlements, small-scale farms, and sustainable agrarian strategies that defined the peasant landscape. Case studies from diverse sectors of the Iberian Peninsula demonstrate diverse modes of land use, such as intensive cultivation, crop rotation, and manuring, which contrast with the economic assumptions tied to elite-dominated production models. Furthermore, the author explores Roman peasants' socio-economic structures and adaptive strategies, emphasizing their pivotal role in shaping landscapes. This Element advocates for reexamining Roman peasantries as active and complex agents in ancient history.
Philosophy of Cosmology and Astrophysics

Philosophy of Cosmology and Astrophysics
  • Siska De Baerdemaeker
  • Published online:
    18 September 2025
    Print publication:
    16 October 2025
  • Cosmology and astrophysics provide a unique resource for philosophers of science: due to novel physics, the remoteness of their targets, and the range of relevant spatiotemporal scales, research in these areas pushes the methodology of empirical science to its limits. It should therefore not be surprising that philosophy of cosmology, and, to a lesser degree, philosophy of astrophysics, have seen an explosive growth over the past two decades. This Cambridge Element surveys the existing literature, identifies areas for future research, and highlights how philosophy of cosmology and astrophysics have implications for debates in general philosophy of science.
The Brick-and-Mortar Bookstore in Contemporary India

The Brick-and-Mortar Bookstore in Contemporary India
  • Nayantara Srinivasan
  • Published online:
    17 September 2025
    Print publication:
    02 October 2025
  • This Element explores the landscape of anglophone trade bookselling in India, aiming to identify some key factors that have influenced the changing place of the brick-and-mortar bookstore over the last decade. The discussion focuses on a specific time period identified as a significant turning point, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic led to a series of developments in the field of Indian publishing: a newly emerging body of public discourse within the industry, highlighting the persistent marginalisation faced by brick-and-mortar bookstores; the temporary weakening of Amazon's near-monopoly; and bookstores' growing use of online platforms for sales, publicity, and activism. Drawing upon a range of primary sources and case studies, this Element explores how these developments altered what John B. Thompson calls 'the logic of the field' of contemporary Indian bookselling, transforming the brick-and-mortar bookstore into a newly revitalised space with possibilities for further expansion, growth, and diversity.

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