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2454 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 6 of 123

Attachment, Religion, and Spirituality

Attachment, Religion, and Spirituality
  • Edward (Ward) B. Davis, Pehr Granqvist
  • Published online:
    11 March 2026
    Print publication:
    23 April 2026
  • Across the world, most people are religious or spiritual, and many have a strong relational-emotional bond (attachment relationship) with God(s). This Element summarizes social-scientific theory and research on these relationships. Part I outlines basic principles of attachment and religion/spirituality. Part II describes normative (human-universal) processes and patterns. It explains how God and other supernatural beings often serve as irreplaceable relational caregivers (attachment figures), safe havens, and secure bases for people. Then it examines how religious/spiritual development interacts with attachment maturation across the lifespan. Part III explores individual differences in human and religious/spiritual attachment. After describing human-attachment differences, it examines how such differences can manifest jointly in forms of emotionally/socially correspondent or emotionally compensatory human attachment and religion/spirituality. Part IV discusses applied theory and research on religious/spiritual attachment. It explores the relationship between religious/spiritual attachment and health/well-being and concludes discussing how transformation in religious/spiritual attachment can occur through psychospiritual intervention or healthy relationships.
Anne Shakespeare's Epitaph

Anne Shakespeare's Epitaph
  • Katherine West Scheil
  • Published online:
    10 March 2026
    Print publication:
    23 April 2026
  • The Shakespeare family occupies five gravesites on the chancel steps at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. Anne Shakespeare's grave is the only one commemorated with a brass plaque and an epitaph in original Latin poetry, eulogizing her as a beloved mother, pious woman, and 'so great a gift'. For nearly four hundred years, this epitaph has remained largely unreadable to visitors, enabling a long history of undervaluing Anne's significant maternal role in the Shakespeare family. Anne Shakespeare's Epitaph offers a new reading of the content and the related material conditions and interpersonal connections behind this text. It provides new evidence about the identity of the engraver and suggests several possible scenarios for how the Shakespeare family came to memorialize Anne as a cherished maternal figure. This Element reinscribes the original significance of Anne's epitaph, and reclaims it as an important Shakespearean text that offers traces of a lost documentary record.
Poetry and Opinion

Poetry and Opinion
  • Vidyan Ravinthiran
  • Published online:
    10 March 2026
    Print publication:
    23 April 2026
  • Identifying ourselves, others, writers, with their opinions—and taking the form of the opinion as the epitome of political engagement—we assert a picture of the self that ought to be scrutinized. Mass print generated, along with the railways, telegraph, information-relays national and global, as well as the development of specialized forms of technological, scientific, economic, and medical knowledge, a sea of discourse belying any vision of a cogent public sphere: disinformation is not a purely 21st century, internet phenomenon. Poetry helps us understand this situation. Appearing in verse, claims about reality have been characterized, or have self-characterized, as virtual. As such, Romantic and post-Romantic poetry makes perceptible other ways in which, in other precincts, utterance becomes virtualized. Sometimes, by the psychological turbulences of the citizen-as-creature, appropriating world events to the need to self-assert; sometimes, as a result of affective matrices that challenge the idea that we are the authors of our own opinions.
Virtual Reality Risks for Children in the Metaverse

Virtual Reality Risks for Children in the Metaverse
  • An Examination through Criminological Perspectives
  • Elena Martellozzo, Paula Bradbury, Ruby Farr, Julia Davidson
  • Published online:
    09 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
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  • This Element explores online harms experienced by children in the metaverse and considers the implications through a criminological lens. Drawing on research from the VIRRAC project, funded by REPHRAIN, it includes insights from industry experts, practitioners, and young people. The Element examines how criminological theories help us understand children's experiences online, while highlighting gaps in knowledge, resources, and training among professionals responsible for safeguarding against online harms, particularly child sexual exploitation and abuse in metaverse spaces. It explores complexities faced by those trying to detect, prevent, and respond to online harms in immersive environments, revealing the challenges of professional practice in this field. By amplifying children's voices, the Element offers critical findings on their needs for support and safety. Combining research and practical perspectives, it informs future policy and interventions to better protect vulnerable children in virtual reality platforms. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
QAnon

QAnon
  • Communication Complexity and New Religious Movements
  • Matthew Zaro Fisher
  • Published online:
    09 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element examines the history, beliefs, and practices of the QAnon movement, described by supporters as a military intelligence operation meant to restore 'American greatness,' and by opponents as a threat to American democracy. Although it began as a fringe conspiracy theory when it emerged on anonymous internet image boards in the fall of 2017, the lockdown measures of the COVID-19 pandemic sent most people online for social participation, facilitating greater awareness of the movement amidst an environment of rising social tension and personal anxiety. QAnon's emergence online offers an observable and real-time record of the way communities of meaning-making and identity develop through the consumption, construction, and circulation of ideas in a digital communication medium. By studying QAnon, this Element provides a better understanding of the relationship between conspiracy theory and religion and demonstrates how new religious movements emerge and evolve today in relation to consumerism and communication complexity.
Making News in Renaissance Europe

Making News in Renaissance Europe
  • Brendan Dooley
  • Published online:
    09 March 2026
    Print publication:
    23 April 2026
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  • The regular public transmission of news was one of the great inventions of the Renaissance. This Element, while offering a general account of news in the period, will convey the latest research results concerning the dynamics and significance of this major development. Drivers of change, apart from sheer curiosity, included state officials seeking opportunities, merchants seeking markets, writers seeking jobs. Traditional oral settings for news exchange, in homes, at court, and in public squares, from this period onward would have a constant supply of new topics of conversation originating not only from local occurrences but from far away, and not only from books, pamphlets and private letters, but also from regularly produced news sheets – first handwritten, then printed –covering what were thought to be the major events of the day, with significant effects on widespread ways of thinking and behaving.
Hauntology, Nostalgia, and New Music

Hauntology, Nostalgia, and New Music
  • Martin Iddon
  • Published online:
    09 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • In the past quarter of a century, or longer, popular cultures and musics both popular and 'new' have become concerned, rather than with futurity, with their own pasts, in a world where, after Fukuyama's 'end of history' or Berardi's 'cancellation of the future', the idea of fundamental historical change has seemed increasingly incredible. This Element is a critical study of music in what Fisher calls 'nostalgia mode', a flattened, high-gloss reproduction of a music indistinguishable from that which already exists, save for its technical perfection, and of hauntological musics critical of this stance, which deploy the music of the past not in reassuring fashion, but to stress that, in 'unwounded' history, they would not still be here. Although normally treated separately, this paradigm applies not only to popular music but also to new music, which has historically claimed the music of the future as its privileged territory.
Food Taboos in Archaeology

Food Taboos in Archaeology
  • Max Price
  • Published online:
    05 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • Anthropologists have struggled with the concept of the food taboo for over a century; and archaeologists struggle with detecting them in the material signatures of the past. Yet by recognizing that ancient peoples must have followed taboos, some of which may have persisted for thousands of years, we gain insight into how cultural traditions shaped the ways in which people ate and interacted with their environments. This Element concerns food and the cultural structures that surround it. It provides an overview of the history and anthropological understandings of food taboos, and offers critical engagement with the current archaeological method and theory investigating these. Archaeological case studies, including the pig taboo in Judaism and ethnoarchaeological analysis of various mammalian taboos among the Nukak of Amazonia, shed light on the difficulties and prospects of studying food taboos in the material record.
Theophrastus on First Principles

Theophrastus on First Principles
  • Samuel Meister
  • Published online:
    05 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • Theophrastus' so-called Metaphysics presents a series of difficulties for various accounts of first principles, including Platonist ones but also – and especially – Aristotle's. Hence, many scholars think that Theophrastus abandons some of his teacher's core commitments, such as the prime mover or natural teleology. Other interpreters, by contrast, emphasize the aporematic character of the work and do not take Theophrastus to be truly critical of Aristotle. In the author's view, neither reading captures the character of the treatise. For, as argued in this Element, Theophrastus probes the Aristotelian account of first principles in earnest. But this is not to say that he abandons it. Rather, Theophrastus is an internal critic of an Aristotelian framework to which he himself is committed but of which he thinks that it requires further elaboration.
Immigration and Borders in Ancient Egypt

Immigration and Borders in Ancient Egypt
  • Danielle Candelora
  • Published online:
    05 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • The aim of this Element is to explore borders in ancient Egypt – both the territorial and ideological boundaries of the state as well as the divisions such lines draw between 'Egyptians' and 'Others.' Despite the traditional understanding of ancient Egypt as an insular society isolated by its borders, many foreigners settled in Egypt over the course of the longue durée, significantly impacting its culture. After examining the applicability of territorial state borders to the ancient world, the boundaries of ancient Egypt are investigated, questioning how they were defined, when, and by whom. Then a framework is presented for considering the reflexive ontological relationship between borders and immigrants, grappling with how identity is affected by elements like geography, the state, and locality. Finally, case studies are presented that critically examine ancient Egypt's northern, eastern, western and southern 'borders' and the people who crossed them.
Intra-Dural Spinal Tumours with Acute Symptoms

Intra-Dural Spinal Tumours with Acute Symptoms
  • Edward Goacher, Marcel Ivanov
  • Published online:
    05 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • Intra-dural spinal tumours are a rare, yet diverse group of neoplasms, which may occur anywhere along the spinal neuroaxis. Their clinical presentations are typically slow and progressive in nature. Signs and symptoms are dictated by tumour location and size, and occur due to the sequalae of mass effect, oedema, ischaemia and subsequent metabolic dysfunction of neural tissue occurring secondary to compression of neural elements and neural vasculature. Back/neck pain and stiffness are the most common presenting complaint for patients presenting with intra-dural spinal tumours. Further symptoms are dependent on the location of the tumour. Lesions that compress or develop within the spinal cord are associated with upper motor neuron (myelopathic) signs and symptoms, whilst lesions compressing spinal nerves alone are associated with lower motor neuron (radicular) signs and symptoms. In some circumstances, a mixed picture of both upper and lower motor neuron symptoms may also be observed.
Adaptations in the Life and Work of Director Tian Qinxin

Adaptations in the Life and Work of Director Tian Qinxin
  • Yuan Li
  • Published online:
    05 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element examines Tian Qinxin (1969– ), one of the most prominent theatre directors in contemporary China, and her significant contribution to the development of mainstream Chinese theatre in the 21st century. Since her debut productions in the late 1990s, Tian has cultivated a distinctive directorial style, marked by a syncretic fusion of Western and traditional Chinese theatrical elements. While she has worked across a variety of genres, her primary focus has been on stage adaptations. Adaptation is not only a defining feature of her theatrical practice but also a central aspect of her professional life, where shifting political and cultural contexts necessitate her “performance” of various expressions of both femininity and masculinity. Tian's remarkable adaptability enables her to skillfully navigate the evolving landscape of Chinese theatre, the demands of state cultural policy, and the requirements of the commercial theatre sector.
Different and Unequal?

Different and Unequal?
  • Gendered Political Participation in European Democracies
  • Catherine Bolzendahl, Hilde Coffé
  • Published online:
    04 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
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  • This Element examines how gender shapes political participation across Europe, analyzing eight forms of political activity over 10 waves of the European Social Survey (2002–2020) in 26 democracies. Challenging the assumption that women participate less than men, we find evidence for gender differentiation: women vote, sign petitions, and boycott as much or more than men. Men dominate activities such as contacting politicians and party work. When political interest is accounted for, women demonstrate and post online at rates similar to men. Gender gaps remain stable over time, but national context matters: women in more gender-equal societies participate significantly more than those in less equal nations. By integrating individual resources, temporal trends, and cross-national variation, this book offers the most comprehensive analysis to date of gendered political participation in European democracies and its implications for equality and democratic engagement. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Language as Power in the Language Teacher Education Ecosystem

Language as Power in the Language Teacher Education Ecosystem
  • Jaber Kamali
  • Published online:
    04 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element aims to examine how language operates as power across the ecosystem of language teacher education (LTE). It maps how language-as-power (LaP) works at three layers: microsystem (teachers and classrooms), mesosystem (institutions), and macrosystem (socio-politics). Section 1 surveys LaP historically, tracing its historical evolution from Plato to contemporary theorists and showing how these ideas shape LTE. Building on this history, Sections 2–4 unpack LaP across ecological layers: microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem. Section 5 looks forward, analyzing AI's redistribution of power at each scale, and applying a 3Ps (possible, probable, and preferable) futurology to chart potential pathways. Anchored in experiences from the Global South, the Element argues that LaP in LTE needs awareness and action. It offers ideas on how to address these issues in LTE through solutions such as widening epistemic access, contesting monolingual norms, and institutionalizing dialogic, justice-oriented professionalism and trans-speakerism, to name a few.
Ideal and Non-Ideal Theory

Ideal and Non-Ideal Theory
  • Jacob Barrett
  • Published online:
    03 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
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  • This Element provides an opinionated survey of the ideal and non-ideal theory debate in political philosophy. It adopts a minimal conception of ideal theory as “theorizing that aims to characterize ideal or perfect justice” and then investigates four major questions. First, does ideal theory provide a benchmark for evaluating what is more just than what? Second, does it provide a target for long-term reform? Third, does it provide a gauge of appropriate or permissible responses to injustice? Fourth, to what extent should we do ideal theory? The core message is that ideal theory is not uniquely or especially well suited to serving these roles, and deserves no pride of place in the discipline. Nevertheless, ideal theory is somewhat valuable and it should remain one active research program among many. Connections to related debates beyond political philosophy are briefly explored. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
On the Global Water Crisis

On the Global Water Crisis
  • A Taxonomy of Human–Water Challenges
  • Paulina Raniecka, Nikolas Galli, Camilla Govoni, Maria Cristina Rulli, Sergio Villamayor-Tomas, Jampel Dell'Angelo
  • Published online:
    03 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • The threat of an impending global water crisis has proliferated across water governance literature in the recent decades. However, defining the nature of this global water crisis remains a challenge, as a plethora of problems fall under this term. Simultaneously, contemporary waterscapes are hard to navigate due to the interconnected and wicked nature of water issues. Thus, to unravel this complex picture, it is fundamental to be reflexive about how water problems are identified, defined, and addressed. Conducting a systematic literature review and applying a constant comparison method, this Element identifies nine key human-water problématiques. Additionally, the analysis traces co-occurrences between diverse problématiques and their conceptual sub-clusters. Based on exhaustive literature, a reflection on the complex issue of 'what solutions?' is elaborated. Lastly, contributions to the ontological question of what a water problem is are offered, indicating a transition beyond an understanding of water issues as solely tangible.
Temporal Cognition in Animals

Temporal Cognition in Animals
  • Angelica Kaufmann
  • Published online:
    02 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • Humans and non-human animals alike rely on temporal cues to coordinate behaviour. This Element investigates whether non-human animals possess genuine temporal cognition– the capacity to mentally represent time rather than merely respond to temporal cues. It examines the evolution of cognitive architectures that support temporal coordination and considers the philosophical implications of time representation. Challenging the long-standing view that non-human animals operate in a 'permanent present' and lack the ability to mentally represent time, the Element offers a comparative analysis across apes, marine mammals, terrestrial mammals, birds, insects, and human infants. Drawing on current empirical evidence, it explores how different species represent time and coordinate action accordingly. By bringing together empirical research and philosophical analysis, the Element addresses a critical gap in the literature and advances the view that temporal cognition is widespread in nature.
Hunting and Eating Symbols

Hunting and Eating Symbols
  • Nerissa Russell
  • Published online:
    28 February 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element approaches large game hunting through a social and symbolic lens. In most societies, the hunting and consumption of certain iconic species carries deep symbolism and is surrounded by ritualized practices. However, the form of these rituals and symbols varies substantially. The Element explores some recurring themes associated with hunting and eating game, such as gender, prestige, and generosity, and trace how these play out in the context of egalitarian versus hierarchical societies, foragers versus farmers, and in different parts of the world. Once people start herding domestic livestock, hunting takes on a new significance as an engagement with what is now defined as the Wild. Foragers do not make this distinction, but their interactions with prey animals are also heavily symbolic. As societies become more stratified, hunting large animals may be partly or entirely reserved for the elite, and hunting practices are elaborated to display and build power.
Towards Tolerance and Acceptance

Towards Tolerance and Acceptance
  • Public Opinion and LGBTQ+ Politics in Latin America
  • Mariela Daby, Eli G. Rau
  • Published online:
    28 February 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • Latin America has experienced an unprecedented expansion of LGBTQ+ rights in recent decades. Although obstacles remain for LGBTQ+ citizens, countries such as Uruguay and Argentina have become world leaders in enacting LGBTQ+ rights, and public opinion has shifted dramatically towards more positive sentiments. What underlies these shifting attitudes? Drawing on both survey data and interviews, we describe multiple processes by which individuals move from prejudice and rejection to tolerance and acceptance. We show that attitude change is often slow and gradual, and that explaining these trends requires attention to both macro-level forces and individual experiences. In Latin America, a boom in international tourism created economic incentives for tolerance; broad shifts in demographics and the media landscape created openings for people to reconsider what a family looks like; and societies grappling with human rights abuses were more receptive to appeals for protecting LGBTQ+ rights as human rights.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
  • Sergio Armando Gallegos Ordorica
  • Published online:
    27 February 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element focuses on the villancicos (or choral poems) of the Novohispanic philosopher Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Though the villancicos have traditionally been considered minor works that Sor Juana wrote by commission for various religious feasts, this Element argues that Sor Juana's villancicos are in fact important philosophical writings. Specifically, this Element shows that through her villancicos Sor Juana presents a philosophical pedagogy, develops a form of virtue pluralism based on a series of moral paradigms, articulates a form of mannerist feminism, and provides a partial defense of Black and Indigenous people.

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