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2334 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 4 of 117

Managing Public Sector Contracts

Managing Public Sector Contracts
  • Market Frictions and Human Resources Solutions
  • Matthew Potoski, Ole Helby Petersen, Lena Brogaard, Trevor Brown
  • Published online:
    20 January 2026
    Print publication:
    19 February 2026
  • This Element presents a framework for analyzing the complexities of contracting, how these vary across circumstances, the ways contract managers can address challenges, and the skills of contract managers. The framework is grounded on central concepts. Market frictions are underlying imperfections that cause common contracting problems; contract management activities are the tasks and procedures that contract managers perform to prepare and execute the purchase; and skills are the ability to perform contract management activities that identify and mitigate frictions. These concepts are interdependent – market frictions can influence the efficacy of contract management activities, activities may reduce or increase the presence of frictions, and skills may influence both the choice and effectiveness of activities in addressing contracting challenges. Omitting any of these components is likely to result in misleading accounts of the root causes and potential solutions to contracting challenges.
Informal Digital Learning of English

Informal Digital Learning of English
  • Ju Seong Lee
  • Published online:
    20 January 2026
    Print publication:
    12 February 2026
  • As globalization spreads, English has become a lingua franca. Emerging technologies (e.g., Artificial Intelligence) now make learning English more accessible, affordable, and tailored to each learner. Social media and digital platforms immerse users in English, offering interactive, personalized, and engaging experiences that fuel Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE). Research spanning more than ten regions has found that IDLE brings a wide range of benefits, including greater motivation, higher academic achievement, and stronger speaking skills. Today, IDLE is being woven into schools and local communities through partnerships among teachers, NGOs, and industry leaders. This volume seeks to (a) showcase the latest research on IDLE, (b) highlight examples of IDLE in educational and community settings, and (c) chart future pathways for practice, research, and collaboration.
Language, Gender and Biopolitics

Language, Gender and Biopolitics
  • Meaning-Making and Intersex Variations in Healthcare
  • Brian W. King
  • Published online:
    19 January 2026
    Print publication:
    12 February 2026
  • This Element examines language, power and intersex variations within clinician accounts in Hong Kong, examining how they communicate about intersex traits to patients and their families. Employing interactional sociolinguistics, the research analyses clinician interviews as dynamic social interactions, focusing on how communicative stances are negotiated and social practices are enacted. The Element probes the influence of biopower on clinicians' stances (encompassing gender, sexual difference, racialization and ableism) and explores the possibilities of emancipation from these biopolitical constraints. Findings highlight the tension between medical structuring forces and the formation of intersex subjects and bodies, impacting their autonomy and livability. Gender is relevant as both a power system and a lived reality, critical for understanding the bioregulation of innate sex characteristics and advancing broader implications for gender and language studies and healthcare communication. This research challenges gender-sceptical discourses and highlights the transformative potential of gender frameworks in medical and social contexts.
A Theology of Becoming

A Theology of Becoming
  • Body, Blood, Birth, and Sacrament
  • Tina Beattie
  • Published online:
    19 January 2026
    Print publication:
    12 February 2026
  • Modern theological approaches to birth have been filtered through an androcentric lens, focusing more on ethical questions of contraception and abortion than on the significance of birth for what it means to be human. In the Catholic tradition, this has been influenced by doctrines and traditions surrounding Mary's virginal conception of Christ and painless birth. This Element considers the challenges posed by maternal life to ideas and theories about pregnancy, childbirth, and the relationship between a woman and her newborn child. Reflecting on her maternal experiences through the lenses of feminist theory and Marian theology, the author sketches the contours of an incarnational theology that endows the birthing body with sacramental significance. She concludes by asking what it would mean for theological anthropology to adopt this as the normative model of the person reborn through baptism into the body of the maternal Church.
Islam and Modern Cosmology

Islam and Modern Cosmology
  • Enis Doko
  • Published online:
    19 January 2026
    Print publication:
    12 February 2026
  • Islam and Modern Cosmology examines how contemporary cosmological theories intersect with Islamic theology, exploring how modern science and Islamic thought can be brought into meaningful dialogue. It begins with a concise overview of modern cosmology, followed by an exploration of the Qur'an's cosmological perspectives and the philosophical models of creation proposed by Muslim thinkers, comparing these ideas with current scientific understandings. The discussion then considers the fine-tuning argument for God's existence and addresses the multiverse hypothesis, proposing that, under certain reasonable assumptions, the Islamic conception of God suggests the possibility of multiple universes. Finally, from a Muslim – specifically Sufi – perspective, it reflects on the problem of the significance of human life within this vast cosmos.
Nietzsche on Suffering

Nietzsche on Suffering
  • Christopher Janaway
  • Published online:
    17 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 March 2026
  • Suffering is a theme throughout Nietzsche's writings. His views are often controversial and challenging. He explores ways of understanding suffering not as an 'objection to life', but as something that can enhance life. This Element examines Nietzsche's views on suffering from different angles: his early claim that the representation of suffering in the art form of tragedy enabled the ancient Greeks to affirm life, his analysis of cruelty as an expression of will to power, and his critique of 'the morality of compassion' which he claims would impoverish life by removing its suffering. Nietzsche views suffering as necessary for psychological growth and great human achievement. It is neither good nor bad in itself, and its value depends on who suffers and in what context. Although Nietzsche's rhetoric sometimes glorifies suffering and cruelty irresponsibly, his work advances our understanding of suffering by viewing it through different perspectives and affective attitudes.
Taxation and Governance in Contemporary China

Taxation and Governance in Contemporary China
  • Xiaobo Lü, Changdong Zhang
  • Published online:
    14 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
  • In contrast to the drastic shifts in China's political landscape and society since 2012, taxation may appear as a comparatively mundane topic receiving limited attention. However, the relative stability in China's taxation system underscores its delicate role in maintaining a balance in state–society relations. The Element embarks on an exploration of China's intricate taxation system in the contemporary era, illuminating its origins and the profound reverberations on state–society relations. It shows that China's reliance on indirect taxation stems from the legacies of transitioning from a planned economy to a market-driven one as well as elaborate fiscal bargaining between the central and local governments. This strategy inadvertently heightens Chinese citizens' sensitivity to direct taxation and engenders the tragedy of the commons, leading to rising government debts and collusion by local governments and businesses that results in land expropriation, labor disputes, and environmental degradation.
A Chinese Discourse of Heritage

A Chinese Discourse of Heritage
  • Song Hou
  • Published online:
    14 January 2026
    Print publication:
    12 February 2026
  • This Element presents an alternative approach to critical heritage studies by attending to forgotten or transformed cultural, historical ideas of heritage. It focuses on the Chinese term guji (古迹 ancient traces or vestiges), perceived today as the same as the modern concept of cultural heritage. After a macroanalysis of how guji is understood differently in contemporary and historical China, it comes to cultural-historical discourse analysis of guji recorded in the local gazetteers of Quzhou from the 1500s to the 1920s, revealing its way of categorization as boundary negotiation, and cultural modes of meaning-making and remembering, either with or without physical remains or a verifiable site. After a holistic view of this Chinese discourse as reflected in a particular guji, it concludes with a philosophical lens to highlight the alternative existence of heritage in the word guji and the uses of heritage as the uses of language.
FinTech Regulation in the United States

FinTech Regulation in the United States
  • Past, Present, and Future
  • Jill Grennan
  • Published online:
    12 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
  • This Element provides an overview of FinTech branches and analyzes the associated institutional forces and economic incentives, offering new insights for optimal regulation. First, it establishes a fundamental tension between addressing existing financial inefficiencies and introducing new economic distortions. Second, it demonstrates that today's innovators have evolved from pursuing incremental change through conventional Fin-Tech applications to AI × crypto as the fastest-growing segment. The convergence of previously siloed areas is creating an open-source infrastructure that reduces entry costs and enables more radical innovation, further amplifying change. Yet this transformation introduces legal uncertainty and risks related to liability, cybercrime, taxation, and adjudication. Through case studies across domains, the Element shows that familiar economic tradeoffs persist, suggesting opportunities for boundary-spanning regulation. It offers regulatory solutions, including RegTech frameworks, compliance-incentivizing mechanisms, collaborative governance models, proactive enforcement of mischaracterizations, and alternative legal analogies for AI × crypto.
Outdoor Singing in Modern Britain

Outdoor Singing in Modern Britain
  • A Sensory and Emotional History
  • Abbi Flint, Clare Hickman
  • Published online:
    12 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
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  • This Element brings together historical sources and contemporary experiences to explore the interplay between singing, sociality, body, and meaning in the English landscape over the past century. It explores the connections between air and song and between singing and movement, through the context of the early twentieth century open-air recreation movement. This is supplemented by recent literature on singing and wellbeing, and the experiences of a contemporary walking choir captured via interviews in the field. The authors argue that outdoor singing has been part of co-constructed soundscapes of the modern English leisure landscape, and ask what this meant for those who participated in collective open-air singing and rambling. They explore how open-air singing connected with conceptions of the countryside, with a sense of fellow-feeling, and how this might have both reified and challenged normative ways of being in landscapes. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Origen on Demonic Executioners and the Problem of Evil

Origen on Demonic Executioners and the Problem of Evil
  • Ky Heinze
  • Published online:
    09 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
  • Origen believed that God's providence makes good use of everything, including the actions of wicked demons, which serve to discipline sinners and test the righteous. This Element, which focuses on the disciplinary function of demons, will show that Origen's position was the synthesis and development of a long Jewish and early Christian tradition — a fact not recognized in most scholarship. Disciplinary demons were an important part of Origen's theodicy. According to him, the suffering sinners experience is not the direct action of supposed divine anger, but the wicked attack of demons that is directed (but not caused) by God. Origen's belief that even rebel demons do not escape from fulfilling the divine purpose avoids dualism. This contradicts the frequently expressed view that early Christian intellectuals (particularly Origen) overemphasized Satan's autonomy and endangered the supremacy of God.
Linguistic Representations of Women in Old English Prose

Linguistic Representations of Women in Old English Prose
  • A Corpus-Based Phraseological Study
  • Anna Cichosz, Tomasz Dobrogoszcz
  • Published online:
    08 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
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  • This Element traces the origins and earliest manifestations of gender bias in the English language. The analysis is based on a corpus of Old English prose texts, written between the ninth and the eleventh centuries. The results are interpreted in the historical, cultural and literary context of Anglo-Saxon England and early medieval Europe. The investigation shows a significant difference in the way women and men are presented in Old English texts, with the former clearly associated with family life, portrayed in the context of their physical appearance, marriage and childbearing, rarely involved in meaningful activities and presented as possessions of their male relatives. Situating the linguistic representations of women in the context of Christianity, the Element demonstrates that late Old English can be seen as a vehicle of language bias that will establish male domination for centuries to come. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Design Strategies in Public Services

Design Strategies in Public Services
  • Maria Cucciniello, Greta Nasi, Gregory Porumbescu, Rosanna Tarricone
  • Published online:
    08 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
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  • This Element explores the transformative impact of integrating service design principles into public management and administration, championing a user-centred approach and co-design methodology. By reviewing existing literature, the authors define the scope and applications of service design within public administration and present three empirical studies to evaluate its implementation in public services. These studies reveal a trend towards embracing co-design and digital technologies, advancing a citizen-centred strategy for public service design. This approach prioritizes value creation and responsiveness, highlighting the importance of involving users and providers in the development of services that meet changing needs and promote inclusion. Combining theoretical insights with practical solutions, the Element offers a comprehensive framework for public management research. It highlights the need for ongoing engagement and integration of user experiences, presenting an effective strategy to navigate the complexities of public service design. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Colour Concepts from a Linguistic and Literary Perspective

Colour Concepts from a Linguistic and Literary Perspective
  • Kimberley Pager-­McClymont, Suzanne McClure, Amélie Doche
  • Published online:
    08 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
  • This Element adopts a holistic approach to the processing of colours in language and literature, weaving together insights from cognitive linguistics, psychology, and literary studies. Through diverse case studies, it underpins the symbolic power of colours in evoking characters' emotional states, moral traits, and cultural perceptions (Section 2). Section 3 explores how colour metaphors such as discomfort is brown influence readers' cognitive and emotional responses, drawing on psychology research on colour-emotion association. Section 4 examines how the lexeme colourless functions as its own oxymoron and is used figuratively through the metaphor anatomy is mind in Modernist literature. Each section draws on cognitive linguistic tools, showcasing how colours shape not just visual but emotional engagement with texts. By connecting cognitive science, psychology, and literary analysis, this Element offers an interdisciplinary perspective, demonstrating that colours act as stimuli shaping perception, language, and cultural meaning, enriching the literary experience across contexts and cultures.
Interactivity and Meta-Engagement in Digital Mystery Narratives

Interactivity and Meta-Engagement in Digital Mystery Narratives
  • Julialicia Case
  • Published online:
    08 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
  • This Element provides an in-depth analysis of digital mystery game narratives through the lens of game studies approaches, game design principles, and literary theory. Beginning with an overview of important game studies concepts, the Element argues that the narrative effects of video games cannot be fully understood without an understanding of these principles. Next, the Element incorporates these ideas into a detailed analysis of digital mystery stories, illustrating how game design elements augment and enhance narrative impact. Finally, the Element applies these principles to several print texts, illustrating how game studies principles help to articulate interactive strategies. Ultimately, this Element argues that incorporating digital mystery narratives into the field of crime studies goes beyond simply broadening the canon, but rather that an understanding of game studies principles has the potential to augment discussions of interactivity and reader participation in all crime narratives, regardless of media form.
Health and Disease

Health and Disease
  • Experimental Philosophy of Medicine
  • Somogy Varga, Andrew James Latham, Edouard Machery
  • Published online:
    07 January 2026
    Print publication:
    19 February 2026
  • The concepts of health and disease are fundamental to medical research, healthcare, and public health, and philosophers have long sought to clarify their meaning and implications. Increasingly, it is suggested that progress in this area could be advanced by integrating empirical methods with philosophical reflection. This Element explores the emerging field of experimental philosophy of medicine (XPhiMed), which takes this approach by applying empirical methods to longstanding philosophical debates. It begins with an overview of the philosophical debates and their methodological challenges, followed by an exploration of experimental findings on health, disease, and disorder, along with their implications for philosophy and other fields.
Chinese Global Environmentalism

Chinese Global Environmentalism
  • Alex L. Wang
  • Published online:
    06 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
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  • This Element examines China's embrace of green development on the global stage, or 'Chinese global environmentalism.' It traces Chinese global environmentalism's historical evolution and motivations and analyzes its deployment through the governance tools of green ideology, diplomacy, economic statecraft, and international development cooperation. It conceives of Chinese global environmentalism as a wide-ranging economic and political strategy used to unsettle traditional views of China and bolster the legitimacy of Chinese power at home and abroad. This Element argues that Chinese global environmentalism, while not without its fits and starts, is enabling China to make inroads internationally with implications for China's rise and the natural environment that are only beginning to be appreciated. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Reliabilism and its Rivals

Reliabilism and its Rivals
  • Bob Beddor
  • Published online:
    06 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
  • According to reliabilism, whether a belief is justified is a matter of whether it was reliably formed. Reliabilism is one of the leading theories of justification, and it holds important explanatory advantages: it sheds light on the connection between justification and truth, and it offers to situate justification within a naturalistic worldview. However, reliabilism faces well-known problems. One promising strategy for overcoming these problems is to modify reliabilism, combining it with elements of views that have been traditionally regarded as rivals, such as evidentialism. This Element offers an opinionated survey of the prospects for reliabilist epistemology, paying particular attention to recent reliabilist-evidentialist hybrid views.
Public Preferences, Gender, and Foreign Support for Armed Movements

Public Preferences, Gender, and Foreign Support for Armed Movements
  • Çağlayan Başer
  • Published online:
    06 January 2026
    Print publication:
    05 February 2026
  • Female combatants are often central to rebel groups' outreach strategies, yet their impact on foreign support remains unclear. This Element examines how the presence of female fighters shapes international perceptions and support, drawing on original survey experiments in the United States and Tunisia as well as cross-national observational data. The findings demonstrate that foreign audiences are more likely to endorse government sponsorship of rebel groups with female combatants, perceiving them as more gender-equal, democratic, morally legitimate, and as less likely to harm civilians, even when they are agents of political violence. These favorable perceptions, in turn, increase the likelihood that democratic states will offer material support. In addition to establishing gender composition as a factor influencing external support in armed conflicts, this Element contributes to broader debates on the gender equality–peace nexus, humanitarian aid, rebel legitimacy, and gender stereotypes in nontraditional political spheres.
Constructing Economic Nationalisms in Brazil and India

Constructing Economic Nationalisms in Brazil and India
  • Jason Jackson
  • Published online:
    05 January 2026
    Print publication:
    22 January 2026
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  • While the concept of economic nationalism is frequently deployed it is often poorly defined, posited as the cause of protectionism in some cases while providing a rationale for liberalization in others. This Element provides a more rigorous articulation by analyzing variation in foreign investment regulation in postwar Brazil and India. Conventional approaches cite India's leftist “socialism” and Brazil's right-wing authoritarianism to explain why India resisted foreign direct investment (FDI) while Brazil welcomed foreign firms. However, this ignores puzzling industry-level variation: India restricted FDI in auto manufacturing but allowed multinationals in oil, while Brazil welcomed foreign auto companies but prohibited FDI in oil. This variation is inadequately explained by pluralist theories, structural-material approaches, or constructivist ideas. This Element argues that FDI policies were shaped by contrasting colonial experiences that generated distinct economic nationalisms and patterns of industrialization in both countries. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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