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2384 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 3 of 120

Intra-Dural Spinal Tumours with Acute Symptoms

Intra-Dural Spinal Tumours with Acute Symptoms
  • Edward Goacher, Marcel Ivanov
  • Published online:
    05 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • Intra-dural spinal tumours are a rare, yet diverse group of neoplasms, which may occur anywhere along the spinal neuroaxis. Their clinical presentations are typically slow and progressive in nature. Signs and symptoms are dictated by tumour location and size, and occur due to the sequalae of mass effect, oedema, ischaemia and subsequent metabolic dysfunction of neural tissue occurring secondary to compression of neural elements and neural vasculature. Back/neck pain and stiffness are the most common presenting complaint for patients presenting with intra-dural spinal tumours. Further symptoms are dependent on the location of the tumour. Lesions that compress or develop within the spinal cord are associated with upper motor neuron (myelopathic) signs and symptoms, whilst lesions compressing spinal nerves alone are associated with lower motor neuron (radicular) signs and symptoms. In some circumstances, a mixed picture of both upper and lower motor neuron symptoms may also be observed.
Adaptations in the Life and Work of Director Tian Qinxin

Adaptations in the Life and Work of Director Tian Qinxin
  • Yuan Li
  • Published online:
    05 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element examines Tian Qinxin (1969– ), one of the most prominent theatre directors in contemporary China, and her significant contribution to the development of mainstream Chinese theatre in the 21st century. Since her debut productions in the late 1990s, Tian has cultivated a distinctive directorial style, marked by a syncretic fusion of Western and traditional Chinese theatrical elements. While she has worked across a variety of genres, her primary focus has been on stage adaptations. Adaptation is not only a defining feature of her theatrical practice but also a central aspect of her professional life, where shifting political and cultural contexts necessitate her “performance” of various expressions of both femininity and masculinity. Tian's remarkable adaptability enables her to skillfully navigate the evolving landscape of Chinese theatre, the demands of state cultural policy, and the requirements of the commercial theatre sector.
Different and Unequal?

Different and Unequal?
  • Gendered Political Participation in European Democracies
  • Catherine Bolzendahl, Hilde Coffé
  • Published online:
    04 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
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  • This Element examines how gender shapes political participation across Europe, analyzing eight forms of political activity over 10 waves of the European Social Survey (2002–2020) in 26 democracies. Challenging the assumption that women participate less than men, we find evidence for gender differentiation: women vote, sign petitions, and boycott as much or more than men. Men dominate activities such as contacting politicians and party work. When political interest is accounted for, women demonstrate and post online at rates similar to men. Gender gaps remain stable over time, but national context matters: women in more gender-equal societies participate significantly more than those in less equal nations. By integrating individual resources, temporal trends, and cross-national variation, this book offers the most comprehensive analysis to date of gendered political participation in European democracies and its implications for equality and democratic engagement. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Language as Power in the Language Teacher Education Ecosystem

Language as Power in the Language Teacher Education Ecosystem
  • Jaber Kamali
  • Published online:
    04 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element aims to examine how language operates as power across the ecosystem of language teacher education (LTE). It maps how language-as-power (LaP) works at three layers: microsystem (teachers and classrooms), mesosystem (institutions), and macrosystem (socio-politics). Section 1 surveys LaP historically, tracing its historical evolution from Plato to contemporary theorists and showing how these ideas shape LTE. Building on this history, Sections 2–4 unpack LaP across ecological layers: microsystem, mesosystem, and macrosystem. Section 5 looks forward, analyzing AI's redistribution of power at each scale, and applying a 3Ps (possible, probable, and preferable) futurology to chart potential pathways. Anchored in experiences from the Global South, the Element argues that LaP in LTE needs awareness and action. It offers ideas on how to address these issues in LTE through solutions such as widening epistemic access, contesting monolingual norms, and institutionalizing dialogic, justice-oriented professionalism and trans-speakerism, to name a few.
Ideal and Non-Ideal Theory

Ideal and Non-Ideal Theory
  • Jacob Barrett
  • Published online:
    03 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
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  • This Element provides an opinionated survey of the ideal and non-ideal theory debate in political philosophy. It adopts a minimal conception of ideal theory as “theorizing that aims to characterize ideal or perfect justice” and then investigates four major questions. First, does ideal theory provide a benchmark for evaluating what is more just than what? Second, does it provide a target for long-term reform? Third, does it provide a gauge of appropriate or permissible responses to injustice? Fourth, to what extent should we do ideal theory? The core message is that ideal theory is not uniquely or especially well suited to serving these roles, and deserves no pride of place in the discipline. Nevertheless, ideal theory is somewhat valuable and it should remain one active research program among many. Connections to related debates beyond political philosophy are briefly explored. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
On the Global Water Crisis

On the Global Water Crisis
  • A Taxonomy of Human–Water Challenges
  • Paulina Raniecka, Nikolas Galli, Camilla Govoni, Maria Cristina Rulli, Sergio Villamayor-Tomas, Jampel Dell'Angelo
  • Published online:
    03 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • The threat of an impending global water crisis has proliferated across water governance literature in the recent decades. However, defining the nature of this global water crisis remains a challenge, as a plethora of problems fall under this term. Simultaneously, contemporary waterscapes are hard to navigate due to the interconnected and wicked nature of water issues. Thus, to unravel this complex picture, it is fundamental to be reflexive about how water problems are identified, defined, and addressed. Conducting a systematic literature review and applying a constant comparison method, this Element identifies nine key human-water problématiques. Additionally, the analysis traces co-occurrences between diverse problématiques and their conceptual sub-clusters. Based on exhaustive literature, a reflection on the complex issue of 'what solutions?' is elaborated. Lastly, contributions to the ontological question of what a water problem is are offered, indicating a transition beyond an understanding of water issues as solely tangible.
Temporal Cognition in Animals

Temporal Cognition in Animals
  • Angelica Kaufmann
  • Published online:
    02 March 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • Humans and non-human animals alike rely on temporal cues to coordinate behaviour. This Element investigates whether non-human animals possess genuine temporal cognition– the capacity to mentally represent time rather than merely respond to temporal cues. It examines the evolution of cognitive architectures that support temporal coordination and considers the philosophical implications of time representation. Challenging the long-standing view that non-human animals operate in a 'permanent present' and lack the ability to mentally represent time, the Element offers a comparative analysis across apes, marine mammals, terrestrial mammals, birds, insects, and human infants. Drawing on current empirical evidence, it explores how different species represent time and coordinate action accordingly. By bringing together empirical research and philosophical analysis, the Element addresses a critical gap in the literature and advances the view that temporal cognition is widespread in nature.
Hunting and Eating Symbols

Hunting and Eating Symbols
  • Nerissa Russell
  • Published online:
    28 February 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element approaches large game hunting through a social and symbolic lens. In most societies, the hunting and consumption of certain iconic species carries deep symbolism and is surrounded by ritualized practices. However, the form of these rituals and symbols varies substantially. The Element explores some recurring themes associated with hunting and eating game, such as gender, prestige, and generosity, and trace how these play out in the context of egalitarian versus hierarchical societies, foragers versus farmers, and in different parts of the world. Once people start herding domestic livestock, hunting takes on a new significance as an engagement with what is now defined as the Wild. Foragers do not make this distinction, but their interactions with prey animals are also heavily symbolic. As societies become more stratified, hunting large animals may be partly or entirely reserved for the elite, and hunting practices are elaborated to display and build power.
Towards Tolerance and Acceptance

Towards Tolerance and Acceptance
  • Public Opinion and LGBTQ+ Politics in Latin America
  • Mariela Daby, Eli G. Rau
  • Published online:
    28 February 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • Latin America has experienced an unprecedented expansion of LGBTQ+ rights in recent decades. Although obstacles remain for LGBTQ+ citizens, countries such as Uruguay and Argentina have become world leaders in enacting LGBTQ+ rights, and public opinion has shifted dramatically towards more positive sentiments. What underlies these shifting attitudes? Drawing on both survey data and interviews, we describe multiple processes by which individuals move from prejudice and rejection to tolerance and acceptance. We show that attitude change is often slow and gradual, and that explaining these trends requires attention to both macro-level forces and individual experiences. In Latin America, a boom in international tourism created economic incentives for tolerance; broad shifts in demographics and the media landscape created openings for people to reconsider what a family looks like; and societies grappling with human rights abuses were more receptive to appeals for protecting LGBTQ+ rights as human rights.
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
  • Sergio Armando Gallegos Ordorica
  • Published online:
    27 February 2026
    Print publication:
    02 April 2026
  • This Element focuses on the villancicos (or choral poems) of the Novohispanic philosopher Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Though the villancicos have traditionally been considered minor works that Sor Juana wrote by commission for various religious feasts, this Element argues that Sor Juana's villancicos are in fact important philosophical writings. Specifically, this Element shows that through her villancicos Sor Juana presents a philosophical pedagogy, develops a form of virtue pluralism based on a series of moral paradigms, articulates a form of mannerist feminism, and provides a partial defense of Black and Indigenous people.
Mothers as Science Storytellers

Mothers as Science Storytellers
  • Emma Frances Bloomfield
  • Published online:
    24 February 2026
    Print publication:
    19 March 2026
  • Explores how scientific meaning and decision-making are filtered through the stories we tell about science and through our social, cultural, and personal identities. Focusing on mothers as a prominent and important identity in science communication, this Element explores both the obstacles and the opportunities for public engagement with scientific topics. After providing an overview of the nexus of science communication, stories, and identities, the author applies key insights from these topics to the case study of motherhood in the climate change and vaccination controversies. They then offer science communication strategies based on these insights for science communicators, mothers, and other caregivers. This analysis is original research that demonstrates the value of understanding stories and identities in mobilizing mothers for both science skepticism and science advocacy.
Determining Provenance from Compositional Data

Determining Provenance from Compositional Data
  • Pedro A. López-García, Denisse L. Argote
  • Published online:
    24 February 2026
    Print publication:
    26 March 2026
  • Traditionally, classical multivariate statistical methods have been applied to relate cultural materials recovered at archaeological sites to their respective raw material sources. However, when reviewing published research, which usually claims to have reached a high degree of confidence in the assignment of materials, the authors have detected that those applying these methods can make serious errors that compromise the inferences made. This Element reconsiders the use of statistical methods to address the problem of provenance analysis of archaeological materials using a step-by-step procedure that allows the recognition of natural groups in the data, thus obtaining better quality classifications while avoiding the problems of total or partial overlaps in the chemical groups (common in biplots). To evaluate the methods proposed here, the challenge of group search in ceramic materials is addressed using algorithms derived from model-based clustering. For cases with partial data labeling, a semi-supervised algorithm is applied to obsidian samples.
Feeling Modern European Imperial Architecture

Feeling Modern European Imperial Architecture
  • Sara Honarmand Ebrahimi, Padma Dorje Maitland
  • Published online:
    24 February 2026
    Print publication:
    19 March 2026
  • This Element serves as an invitation to architectural historians of modern European imperialism to embrace the insights and claims of the history of emotions. That said, the Element is not a call for an 'intimate', 'affective' or 'emotional' history. Rather, it is an attempt to show how the omission of emotions as mere effects of historical circumstances, devoid of reason, judgment and rationality, combined with a failure to historicise both emotions themselves and the relationship between buildings and feelings, impoverishes our understanding of European imperial architecture. The thematic content of the Element encompasses defining emotions, understanding power, multivalence, changing and unexpected experiences of imperial buildings and unlearning the experience of imperial architecture through the lens of the history of emotions.
Hegel on the Family Form

Hegel on the Family Form
  • Andreja Novakovic
  • Published online:
    24 February 2026
    Print publication:
    26 March 2026
  • Hegel famously argues that the patriarchal, bourgeois nuclear family is a rational institution worth defending. Scholars have asked what exactly to do with this seemingly outdated part of his social and political philosophy. In particular, they have wondered whether Hegel's concept of the family can accommodate changes to our understanding of what counts as a family and what constitutes family relations. In this Element, I ask whether Hegel's defense of the family can be reconciled with family abolition, the project not of reforming the family as an institution, but of radically transforming it beyond recognition. By examining the three relationships that Hegel associates with the family – brothers and sisters, husbands and wives, and parents and children – I argue that Hegel's concept of the family can be reconciled with family abolition so described. What Hegel provides is an account of the family as a site at which important goods have been discovered and eveloped, without claiming that the family as an institution is necessary for, or even ideally suited to, their continued realization. These goods are singular individuality, ethical love, and material resources.
Sovereign Heritage Crime

Sovereign Heritage Crime
  • Security, Autocracy, and the Material Past
  • Simon Maghakyan
  • Published online:
    24 February 2026
    Print publication:
    19 March 2026
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  • Sovereign Heritage Crime: Security, Autocracy, and the Material Past explores why autocracies intentionally exacerbate anxieties associated with an aggrieved ethnoterritorial minority's tangible heritage. Since discriminatory domestic campaigns of state-sponsored erasure are political choices, this theoretical study proposes to understand them as sovereign heritage crimes. This framework predicts that heritage securitisation - constructing disquieting material memories into ontological threats - enables legitimacy-deficient yet affluent autocracies to pursue 'performance legitimacy' by delivering a real or imagined 'permanent security'. Since this state crime is both enabled and exposed by traditional and emerging technologies, the study also explores their dual use for human rights and wrongs. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Hegel and Republicanism

Hegel and Republicanism
  • Non-Domination, Economics, and Political Participation
  • Christopher Yeomans
  • Published online:
    24 February 2026
    Print publication:
    23 April 2026
  • This Element is about the relationship between the political thought of the German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831) and a tradition of political thinking known as republicanism that traces its roots at least to 15th century Florence and perhaps further back to Aristotle. Throughout, we will be investigating this relationship along two dimensions. First, we will be asking whether it advances our understanding of Hegel's thought to consider him to be a republican, and if so, in what way and to what extent. The point here is not to assimilate Hegel to a cause or a label, but to see whether the individual outlines of Hegel's thought might be brought into focus by adopting the lens of republicanism. Second, we will be considering whether Hegel's thought offers criticism of various other forms of republicanism and how we might evaluate that criticism.
The Hedgers

The Hedgers
  • How The Global South Navigates the Sino-American Competition
  • Zaki Laïdi, Yves Tiberghien
  • Published online:
    24 February 2026
    Print publication:
    26 March 2026
  • The extreme instability caused by the interminable war in Ukraine, Sino-American tensions, and Trump's return to power raises an essential question: How can the states of the Global South – particularly those endowed with significant resources and full of ambition – navigate this current global turbulence? Are they succumbing to the logic of bipolarity, or are they escaping from it by amplifying their hedging power, and, in the process, making the international system more multipolar? To answer these key questions, we analyze the strategic behavior of eight states: India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, South Africa, and Brazil. Their selection is based on eight precise metrics. It is these eight key states that we call the Hedgers. They are among the countries of the Global South that have good opportunities to navigate – with some challenges – the troubled environment of what is increasingly difficult to call the 'world order.'
Heirloom Cultures and Heritage Branding

Heirloom Cultures and Heritage Branding
  • The Creamy Case of Icelandic Skyr
  • Valdimar Tr. Hafstein, Jón Þór Pétursson
  • Published online:
    23 February 2026
    Print publication:
    19 March 2026
  • Heritage branding and heirloom cultures are twin strategies for building brands in global markets. In this Element, the authors analyze these strategies through skyr; a traditional, sour dairy from Iceland. They explore how live microbial cultures in skyr have been 'heritagized' as heirloom cultures to build a brand advantage. Live skyr cultures, they show, illustrate symbiotic relations over millennia between microbial cultures and human cultures. The industrialization of this species interaction in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, they argue, ultimately converted a mutualistic relation into a parasitic one. Moreover, they demonstrate a parallel inversion of gender relations in the production and consumption of skyr as part of its industrialization and export. Ironically, these transformations undermine the industry's promotion of the cultures and heritage to which it has effectively put an end. They ask whether there is a more general lesson in this about the relationship between industrialization, capitalism, and heritage.
News Use, Political Knowledge, and Misperceptions in 18 Countries across the Global North

News Use, Political Knowledge, and Misperceptions in 18 Countries across the Global North
  • Peter Van Aelst, Luisa Gehle, Christian Schemer, Jesper Strömbäck, Alon Zoizner
  • Published online:
    23 February 2026
    Print publication:
    19 March 2026
  • The established idea that people learn about politics and relevant societal issues via the news media can be put into question because of a 'twin challenge of increased media choice.' First, there is a growing number of people who choose to avoid most news which leaves them uninformed about what is happening in politics and society. Second, people may form their beliefs based on false and misleading information, leading them to become misinformed about current political issues. This Element investigated both challenges based on data from a large comparative survey in eighteen Western countries. Consistent with the existing literature, the results largely confirm the added value of staying informed through using traditional news media, the public broadcaster in particular. In contrast, consuming news from newer media sources such as social media and messaging apps is typically associated across countries with less knowledge and more misperceptions about political matters.
The Conduct of Politics

The Conduct of Politics
  • Fabian Wendt
  • Published online:
    23 February 2026
    Print publication:
    19 March 2026
  • Do politicians have to get dirty hands – and what does that mean? Is it okay to be corrupt, when corruption is systemic? When is it a good thing to make compromises in politics? These are questions about political conduct that are raised in political ethics, a somewhat underappreciated subfield of political philosophy. This Element offers a fresh, systematic introduction to political ethics. It starts with a discussion of two challenges to the discipline: One comes from political realists who reject moralism in political philosophy and the other from public choice theorists who model politicians as rational egoists. It then discusses the problem of dirty hands, political corruption, and political compromise as three core topics of political ethics.

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