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2228 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 3 of 112

China for Africa's Industrialization?

China for Africa's Industrialization?
  • Carlos Oya
  • Published online:
    15 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
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  • China's engagement in Africa since 2000 consists of a diverse set of institutions, activities, relations, investment flows and other economic statecraft events. These have generated opportunities for economic transformation, reviving the prospects for industrialization and job creation in some African countries following decades of neglect. While the case for industrialization-led structural transformation is strong, the proposed means of pursuing this pathway vary, necessitating bold vision and interventions. Whether through infrastructure funding and building, or direct greenfield investments, China is helping lay the foundations for industrialization in Africa, albeit unevenly and slowly. The vectors and outcomes are, however, variegated, calling for a comparative examination. Therefore, the Element illustrates variations in outcomes and the importance of context when considering the vectors of Africa–China engagements, how they contribute to industrialization prospects, and the central role of policy agency, bargaining and contestation. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Science Denial

Science Denial
  • Post-Truth or Post-Trust?
  • Gabriele Contessa
  • Published online:
    14 November 2025
    Print publication:
    20 November 2025
  • Over the last couple of decades, there has been increasing concern about the alleged rise of various forms of science denial. But what exactly is science denial? Is it really on the rise? If so, what explains its rise? And what is so concerning about it? This Element argues that the notion of science denial is highly ambiguous and that, once we carefully distinguish among all the different phenomena that are often conflated under this label, it is doubtful that any of them warrants all of the concerns that animate the critics of science denial. This has important consequences for how we understand the complex and delicate relationship between science and the public and, more generally, the collective epistemic malaise afflicting liberal democracies.
Abuse in New Religious Movements

Abuse in New Religious Movements
  • Sarah Harvey
  • Published online:
    14 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
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  • This Element analyses issues of abuse in new religious movements (NRMs). It argues that abuse in NRMs is not unique but that certain factors can be intensified in NRM contexts – propensities for separation from wider society, teachings on unique legitimacy and exclusivity, and charismatic authority. First, a historical overview addresses how abuse in NRMs has been approached and understood, linking this to the development of NRM and cultic studies and their preferred terminology. Second, a theoretical framework allows consideration of the ways in which the interlinked structural and cultural factors of religious movements can contribute to the perpetration, legitimisation or concealment of abuse. Finally, the Element presents an applied case study analysing the interplay of these factors in the Jesus Fellowship Church, a UK-based NRM which closed in 2019, partly in recognition of abuses that had occurred. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Leo XIII and the Rise of Neo-Thomism

Leo XIII and the Rise of Neo-Thomism
  • Valfredo Maria Rossi
  • Published online:
    13 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • This Element examines the historical context and intellectual implications of the Thomistic revival inaugurated by Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Aeterni Patris, pursuing two principal objectives. First, this Element demonstrates that Aeterni Patris represented a decisive turning point in Catholic philosophical and theological thought: it not only revitalised Thomism but also brought an end to the doctrinal pluralism that had characterized nineteenth-century Catholicism. Second, the study argues that the Thomistic revival envisioned by Leo XIII was not a neutral academic enterprise concerned merely with a renewed engagement with Aquinas's doctrine, but rather an ideological initiative rooted in the framework of intransigent Catholicism, wherein the restoration of Thomism was conceived as instrumental to the formation of a new Christian worldview.
Discourse and Queer Sinophone Male Identities

Discourse and Queer Sinophone Male Identities
  • A Western Immigrant Perspective
  • Phil Freestone
  • Published online:
    12 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
  • This Element analyses the sociolinguistic navigation of cultural and ideological influence among queer male-identified individuals in Chengdu and Taipei. By analysing how queer and ethnically Chinese-identified individuals navigate ideological influences, it investigates some of the complexities of culture and identity and their dependence on semiotics and situated communication. Thus, the social affordances and constraints relevant to specific individuals in these contexts are described not only in terms of influences like 'Chinese culture' or 'Western ideology', but also in terms of the ongoing communicative processes through which they orient themselves to diverse structural influences. As such, this Element engages with the diversity typically subsumed into common identity categories. In turn, through its qualified deconstructionist approach to identity, it sheds novel light on the ideological complexity that tends to underlie queer individuals' performance of 'who they are', in Sinophone contexts and elsewhere.
Performing Visible Pregnancy in Shakespeare's Plays

Performing Visible Pregnancy in Shakespeare's Plays
  • Patricia Lennox
  • Published online:
    11 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • This Element considers pregnant women and their costumes in the staging of Shakespeare's plays. It examines the connections between a character's costume and the changing social conventions of pregnancy. It questions mid twentieth century productions' reduction and elimination of well-established visible pregnancy costumes. It considers the role played by the sexual revolution in the sixties in visible pregnancy's reinstatement. The Element focusses on the varied significance of its presence to actors and directors and explores the archives to chart this previously under-examined interaction between social conventions, costumes, and the actors who wear them.
Beckett and Leopardi

Beckett and Leopardi
  • Peter Boxall, Peter Nicholls
  • Published online:
    11 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
  • This Element revisits the relation between Giacomo Leopardi and Samuel Beckett to argue that the dialogue between them might offer new ways of thinking about the nature of both writers' pessimism. The authors suggest that Leopardi becomes increasingly important for Beckett, not only because he frames a literary philosophy of scepticism, but because he gives a rich account of the means by which thoroughgoing pessimism might open on to an unenchanted mode of persistence. In doing so, the Element looks past the impasse – between going on and not going on – that threatens to forestall imaginative possibilities for both writers.
Wrongful Discrimination

Wrongful Discrimination
  • Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen
  • Published online:
    11 November 2025
    Print publication:
    31 December 2025
  • In a generic sense, to discriminate is to differentiate. Generic discrimination is not wrongful. But many instances of a more specific form of discrimination – differentiating between people because they are members of different socially salient groups (henceforth: group discrimination) – are wrongful. This means that people subjected to group discrimination are often wronged, and this bears importantly on whether such acts are morally impermissible. The three main accounts of what makes group discrimination wrongful appeal to considerations of harm, disrespect, and social relations of inequality, respectively. While each of them can explain the wrongfulness of some paradigmatic instances of wrongful direct discrimination, they explain the wrongfulness of a set of three important non-paradigmatic forms of discrimination – indirect discrimination, implicit bias, and algorithmic discrimination – less well. Overall, the prospects of a monistic account of the wrongfulness of discrimination are bleak.
Race, Genetics, History

Race, Genetics, History
  • New Practices, New Approaches
  • Alexandra P. Alberda, Njabulo Chipangura, Lara Choksey, Jerome de Groot, Maya Sharma
  • Published online:
    11 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
  • This Element, about historical practice and genetics, seeks to understand what is at stake in presenting, preserving, and articulating the past in the present. Historical practice is both conceptual and material, a consonance of approach which is reflected in the innovative and non-traditional format of the Element itself – not simply in its length, but its constitution. The Element was created collaboratively with contributions from a range of disciplines, backgrounds, and areas of professional expertise. It consists of a series of interventions which are then discussed by the contributors and is foundationally multi-voiced and discursive. The Element attempts to be non-extractive, ethical, inclusive, collaborative, and constantly ongoing and provisional in its representation. The Element strives to contribute to ongoing attempts to rethink, reconfigure, reassess, and entirely change the object of study and the practice of history.
Aesthetic Knowledge

Aesthetic Knowledge
  • Jon Robson
  • Published online:
    11 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • How do we arrive at aesthetic knowledge? This might seem an odd question for philosophers to ask. Some will take its answer to be obvious: we learn about the aesthetic qualities of paintings by looking at them, of musical works by listening to them, and so on. Others will take the question to be misguided, how can there be aesthetic knowledge when aesthetics is merely 'a matter of taste'? Finally, aesthetic knowledge itself might seem singularly unimportant. We don't engage with beautiful artworks to learn that they're beautiful but, rather, to appreciate that beauty. This Element argues that each of these objections is misplaced. Aesthetic knowledge is both valuable and attainable, but canonical philosophical (and folk) views of how we attain it are mistaken. The Element surveys some recent arguments against the reliability of aesthetic perception and in favour of other, more social, sources of aesthetic knowledge.
Stress in Childhood

Stress in Childhood
  • Camelia E. Hostinar, Anna M. Parenteau, Geneva M. Jost, Sally Hang, Joanna Y. Guan, Jamie M. Lawler
  • Published online:
    06 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • The innocence of childhood does not protect against exposure to stress. More than half of US children are exposed to adverse experiences, such as abuse, neglect, witnessing domestic violence, parental psychopathology, or divorce, and all children encounter normative stressors like school transitions and challenges with peers. This Element discusses research on stress psychobiology during childhood, from birth to age ten. The Element focuses on important contexts that shape children's responses to stress and their coping capacities, including the family system, peers, schools, neighborhoods, the broader culture, as well as clinical settings. Sources of stress and resilience in each context are described.
Planning, Urban Design, and Architecture for Climate Action

Planning, Urban Design, and Architecture for Climate Action
  • Jeffrey Raven, Mattia Federico Leone, Sanjukkta Bhaduri, Christian Braneon, David Corbett, David Driskell, Ursula Eicker, John E. Fernandez, Jing Gan, Anna Hürlimann, Ilana Judah, Michael Neuman, Barbara Norman, Dennis Pamlin, Chao Ren, Rob Roggema, Pourya Salehi, Anne Shellum, Andréa Souza Santos, Joel Towers, Cristina Visconti, William Solecki, Minal Pathak, Martha Barata, Aliyu Salisu Barau, Maria Dombrov, Cynthia Rosenzweig
  • Published online:
    05 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
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  • Embedding climate resilient development principles in planning, urban design, and architecture means ensuring that transformation of the built environment helps achieve carbon neutrality, effective adaptation, and well-being for people and nature. Planners, urban designers, and architects are called to bridge the domains of research and practice and evolve their agency and capacity, developing methods and tools consistent across spatial scales to ensure the convergence of outcomes towards targets. Shaping change necessitates an innovative action-driven framework with multi-scale analysis of urban climate factors and co-mapping, co-design, and co-evaluation with city stakeholders and communities. This Element provides analysis on how urban climate factors, system efficiency, form and layout, building envelope and surface materials, and green/blue infrastructure affect key metrics and indicators related to complementary aspects like greenhouse gas emissions, impacts of extreme weather events, spatial and environmental justice, and human comfort. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Indigenous Rights to Land Versus Extractivism

Indigenous Rights to Land Versus Extractivism
  • The Promise and Limits of ILO Convention No. 169 in Mexico
  • Tamara A. Wattnem
  • Published online:
    04 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • Indigenous and tribal communities often make claims to territory citing their longstanding ties to the land. Since 1989, they increasingly reference ILO Convention No. 169, the only legally binding international agreement on Indigenous and tribal peoples rights. This Element proposes a three-pronged analytical framework to assess the promise and limits of indigenous rights to land as influenced by international law. The framework calls for the place-specific investigation of the interrelations between: (1) indigenous identity politics, (2) citizenship regimes, and (3) land tenure regimes. Drawing on the case of Mexico, it argues that the ILO Convention has generally been a weak tool for securing rights to ancestral land and for effectively challenging the expansion of extractivism. Still, it has had numerous other significant socio-political implications, such as shaping discourses of resistance and incentivizing the use of prior consultation mechanisms in the context of territorial disputes.
Cognition and Conspiracy Theories

Cognition and Conspiracy Theories
  • Andreas Musolff
  • Published online:
    03 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • This Element deals with the relationship between cognition, understood as the process of acquiring and developing knowledge, and diverse types of conspiracy theories, or short, 'CTs'. Section 1 lays the groundwork for the analysis by determining four components of narrative argumentative framing in CTs, of which the first three are constitutive for all CTs, with a fourth representing the 'optional' collective action-guiding “scenario” component. Section 2 exemplifies manifestations of these components by discussing contemporary and historical 'hoax' and 'asserting' CTs and 'empowering' CTs. Section 3 takes a cognitive-evolutionist and pragmatic view at the conditions for the 'success' of CT scenarios. In conclusion. Section 4 formulates lessons for countering the effects of socially detrimental CTs by deconstructing them and by obstructing their dissemination.
Money, Partisanship and Power in Local Politics

Money, Partisanship and Power in Local Politics
  • Robert G. Boatright, Lane Cuthbert, Adam Eichen, Raymond J. La Raja, Meredith Rolfe
  • Published online:
    03 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • This Element presents an analysis of campaign finance in city council elections in four midsize Massachusetts cities. It shows that while money does not determine local election outcomes it plays a gatekeeping role – especially for nonincumbents. Moreover, this money comes from a very unrepresentative segment of the electorate. Although elections in these cities are nonpartisan, individual donors and interest groups are sorted into networks that function like political parties. The Element also shows that donors tend to be substantially more liberal than city residents. This can lead cities to adopt policies that are at odds with the views and needs of cities' less-wealthy inhabitants, including racial minorities. Despite low financial stakes relative to national races, campaign finance in midsize city elections reflects and reinforces broader patterns of political inequality. The result is a campaign finance system that disadvantages city residents who lack the cues that exist in other elections.
Harriet Jacobs

Harriet Jacobs
  • Alan M. S. J. Coffee
  • Published online:
    31 October 2025
    Print publication:
    20 November 2025
  • Long celebrated for her heroic feat of endurance in escaping slavery and subsequent activism, Harriet Jacobs was also an astute political thinker. Her book, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is a remarkable philosophical text. It is one of the most insightful reflections, both on the nature of life as a slave, and on the relationships amongst slaves and between enslaved and free people.The author places Jacobs in the republican tradition of political thought. Bringing Jacobs into dialogue with Frederick Douglass, the author argues that Jacobs's emphasis on sexual abuse and the importance of slave relationships offers us a basis for a feminist republicanism. Jacobs also emphasises the structural nature of slavery, reinforced by propaganda and social prejudices. These implicate not just slaveholders but also the free population in slavery's wrongs.
Biology and Medical Theory

Biology and Medical Theory
  • Peter Takacs
  • Published online:
    31 October 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • The philosophy of medicine has long been concerned with the status of diseases and disorders. Are such states genuinely pathological in an objective, mind-independent sense or merely value-laden social constructs? The prevailing dialectic in this area accordingly pits normative views against non-normative, naturalistic positions. Hybrid accounts represent a better alternative to these needlessly extreme 'purist' views. Hybrid accounts maintain that objective criteria for health and disease can exist independently and harmoniously alongside of normative considerations. Hybrid accounts to date have nevertheless failed to convince many. The failure is due largely to their reliance on inadequate notions of biological dysfunction. This Element attempts to redress this situation by sketching the outlines of a more sophisticated dysfunction condition. Drawing on recent advances in evolutionary medicine, the author examines the strengths and remaining weaknesses of a correspondingly revamped hybrid account of disease.
The Political Economy of Augustine Weapons

The Political Economy of Augustine Weapons
  • Keith Hartley
  • Published online:
    30 October 2025
    Print publication:
    27 November 2025
  • This Element presents an economic analysis of Augustine's Laws and Weapons Systems. It explores and evaluates their economic content and subjects them to critical analysis. The Element is both theoretical and empirical and the empirical work uses an original UK data set on military aircraft over the period 1934 to 1964. The period embraces major technical changes involving war and peace and the shift to jet powered aircraft.
Things of the Past

Things of the Past
  • A Modern Yearning
  • Kasper Risbjerg Eskildsen
  • Published online:
    27 October 2025
    Print publication:
    27 November 2025
  • This Element explores the yearning for things of the past, from early modern antiquarianism to the contemporary art market. It tells a global story about scholars who, driven by this yearning, roamed the world and amassed many of its historical artefacts. Their motivation was not just pleasure or profit. They longed for a past that had been lost and strived to reconstruct world history anew. This rewriting of history unleashed heated debates, all over the world and raging for centuries. The debates concerned not only the past but also the present and the future. Many believed that, by revealing a strange and foreign past, the material remains opened a path to modernity. So, the Element investigates not only the history of historical scholarship, and its obsession with things, but also our relationship to the past as modern human beings.
Innovation versus Financialization in the US Pharmaceutical Industry

Innovation versus Financialization in the US Pharmaceutical Industry
  • Öner Tulum, William Lazonick
  • Published online:
    27 October 2025
    Print publication:
    20 November 2025
  • Mandated by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, the US government is negotiating with pharmaceutical companies over the 'maximum fair price' of ten drugs widely used by Medicare patients. The pharmaceutical companies contend that a 'fair' price is a 'value-based price' that enables their shareholders to capture the value the drug creates for society and warn that lowering drug prices will reduce investments in new drugs. This Element responds to these arguments by showing that pharmaceutical companies (a) should have their drug prices regulated, given scale economies in supplying drugs and price inelasticity of drug demand; (b) use their profits from unregulated drug prices to distribute cash dividends and stock buybacks to shareholders; (c) do not typically rely upon investment by shareholders to fund drug innovation; and (d) benefit from 'collective and cumulative learning' in foundational and translational research that is antecedent and external to their investments in clinical research.

Page 3 of 112