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2525 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 3 of 127

Human Factors and Ergonomics

Human Factors and Ergonomics
  • Mark Sujan, Laura Pickup
  • Published online:
    02 June 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
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  • Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) is a discipline concerned with designing interactions in sociotechnical systems to improve both system performance and human well-being. This Element introduces the core principles of HFE, tracing its development from multidisciplinary efforts to solve practical problems in military operations during the Second World War to its current application in healthcare improvement. The Element acknowledges the growing role of HFE in areas such as the design of the physical environment, medical device design, learning from patient safety incidents, and safety investigations. A critical reflection highlights persistent challenges, including conceptual ambiguity, structural and practical barriers to HFE integration, and the need both for a stronger evidence base and a compelling business case. The Element concludes by identifying future priorities for advancing HFE in healthcare, including continuing professional development and career pathways, embedding HFE in regulation and policy, and adopting evaluation approaches suited to complex systems. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Sex Work and Crime Fiction

Sex Work and Crime Fiction
  • Margins of Desire
  • Kirin Wachter-Grene
  • Published online:
    01 June 2026
    Print publication:
    25 June 2026
  • This Element argues that the sex worker character in crime narratives, often dismissed as a flat stereotype or mere plot device, actively performs crucial narratological labor that shapes the novel's realism and challenges conventional understandings of character, agency, and social reproduction. By applying Alex Woloch's theory of character-space and drawing on contemporary Black feminist scholarship that privileges power, pleasure, and desire, this study reveals how sex worker characters, through their evolving representation from marginal figures to central agents, resist narrative containment and illuminate broader socio-cultural tensions surrounding gender, class, and authority within the genre.
Social Determinants of Safety in a Rural Community

Social Determinants of Safety in a Rural Community
  • Voices from Appalachian Kentucky
  • Charlotte Gill
  • Published online:
    01 June 2026
    Print publication:
    02 July 2026
  • Criminology has long examined the relationship between crime, place, and community dynamics, but has largely overlooked rural areas. Many rural communities possess features that typically protect against crime, like strong informal social controls and collective efficacy, but they also face threats to safety similar to those in urban areas, such as economic decline, poverty, substance abuse, and social isolation. Yet we know little about what shapes rural residents' perceptions of safety. This Element draws on interviews with over 100 young people in Appalachian Kentucky to explore the social determinants of safety in their communities. It examines the protective aspects of local culture, the impact of addiction and economic hardship, and how these issues expose a “dark side” of social cohesion whereby collective efficacy is undermined by stigma and shame. It concludes by exploring how youth and community institutions can help redefine safety, from a privilege to a fundamental human right.
Translating <i>The Witcher</i>

Translating The Witcher
  • Publishing Fantasy Fiction in Europe
  • Justine Breton
  • Published online:
    30 May 2026
    Print publication:
    25 June 2026
  • This study traces the editorial journey of Andrzej Sapkowski's fantasy work from Poland to the world, focusing on the stages of dissemination, translation, and publishing that Wiedźmin (The Witcher) has been undergoing in Europe. The analysis focuses on the author's intentions and those of his editorial teams in different countries, considering the target audiences, the successive translations and the series in which the volumes of The Witcher have been published. Doing so, it aims at questioning the specificities of translating fantasy fiction, especially from a lesser-known European language and with stories filled with multicultural folkloric references. It also studies how the various adaptations of the cycle have had an impact over its development and diffusion. The analysis is centered on Europe, where the process has been particularly dense, but it is occasionally completed with the impact of The Witcher in other regions of the world, including Asia and South America.
Language Weaponization

Language Weaponization
  • Luis Javier Pentón Herrera
  • Published online:
    30 May 2026
    Print publication:
    09 July 2026
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  • This Element introduces the conceptualization of language weaponization, examining how dominant groups use language to control, marginalize, and harm minoritized communities. It proposes a three-phase framework- (1) stigmatization and othering, (2) dehumanization, and (3) harm-to explain how linguistic practices evolve from prejudice to violence, shaping both social structures and individual identities. Through analysis of the dynamics between dominant and minoritized groups and case studies focused on LGBTQ+ communities, the Element reveals the historical and ongoing consequences of weaponized language. Moving beyond critique, it advances a vision for transformation by positioning applied linguists as central actors in promoting societal healing. Further, storytelling is presented as a vital practice for (re)humanization and collective restoration. Ultimately, this Element invites readers to critically examine how language constructs power and to imagine its potential as a force for healing, peace, and goodness across diverse societies.
Belief, No-Fault Unbelief and Medieval Christian Thought

Belief, No-Fault Unbelief and Medieval Christian Thought
  • Roberto Di Ceglie
  • Published online:
    29 May 2026
    Print publication:
    02 July 2026
  • Traditionally, Christians have viewed unbelief as resulting from moral and/or cognitive shortcomings. However, a recent proposal such as John Schellenberg's 'divine hiddenness argument' for atheism has supported the idea that there is no-fault unbelief. In this Element, the author draws on important insights from medieval Christian thought to argue that both believers and non-believers should stop blaming each other based on mere evidence. Believers may recognise that no-fault unbelief can, in a sense, apply to them, too. They may find it perplexing that they neither believe nor achieve communion with God as much as they would like. Proponents of no-fault unbelief might focus on achieving communion with God rather than solely worrying about absolving themselves of blame. Ultimately, believers and non-believers alike might promote spiritual progress by setting aside the primacy of evidence and committing themselves to God and the good.
South Korea's Soft Power

South Korea's Soft Power
  • The Korean Wave
  • Uk Heo, Sooho Song
  • Published online:
    29 May 2026
    Print publication:
    30 June 2026
  • Since Korean cultural products and entertainers have gained global popularity – the so-called Korean Wave – many studies have regarded the Korean Wave as Korea's soft power. However, the concept of soft power remains contested in the political science literature, particularly because it is difficult to clearly distinguish it from hard power. This Element, therefore, examines whether the Korean Wave can be considered Korea's soft power within the debate surrounding the concept. The findings indicate that the Korean Wave has enhanced Korea's national image and increased trade and international interest in the country. As Korea is not a superpower, this case suggests that soft power can be real without hard power support and that the Korean Wave is Korea's soft power. Nevertheless, due to the limited evidence that the Korean Wave leads to policy changes in other countries, the term “soft power” should be used with caution.
Opera Remixed

Opera Remixed
  • Toby Young
  • Published online:
    29 May 2026
    Print publication:
    30 June 2026
  • Opera Remixed critically examines operatic hybridity and considers the opportunities and challenges of disrupting traditional paradigms of classical singing. Accounts of crossover forms like 'popera' and musical theatre explore alternative approaches to operatic vocality, examining how entrenched genre ideologies are challenged by creative agents, practices, and technologies at work near opera's borders. To illustrate these dynamics, the second half of the Element presents a case study of operatic arias reimagined for TikTok as one possible blueprint for how opera might embrace innovation and 'remix' itself for a contemporary audience. Opera Remixed concludes with a critique of the elitist traditions that hinder opera's capacity for renewal, arguing that the art form will only be able to embrace a truly inclusive future by relinquishing constraints of canonical purity.
The Incompatibility of Rights

The Incompatibility of Rights
  • Gender Essentialism, Market Primacy, and Women's Work-Family Struggles in an Autocracy
  • Yun Zhou
  • Published online:
    29 May 2026
    Print publication:
    30 June 2026
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  • Why do self-described gender egalitarians support the state's draconian birth restriction? Following China's universal relaxation of its one-child policy in 2016, this Element excavates an under-theorized and distinctly political dimension of the gendered work-family conflict: the incompatibility of rights. I demonstrate that young urban Chinese women have experienced the expansion of their civil right to mother-through birth quota relaxation-as intensifying labor market gender discriminations and undermining their civil right to equal employment. To cope, these women turned to various individualistic strategies of rights-trading, such as promising to limit childbearing when seeking to secure employment. In this process, young Chinese women have further come to perceive employment and motherhood as two incompatible moral claims of entitlement. This Element highlights how women's quotidian work-family encounters present a fruitful yet underexplored site for understanding their political ideations and citizenship struggles. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Outsourcing Surveillance

Outsourcing Surveillance
  • Online Opinion Management in China
  • Lynette Ong, Huihua Nie, Jesslene Lee
  • Published online:
    29 May 2026
    Print publication:
    21 May 2026
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  • The digital age has afforded the governments new technologies of control, allowing them to co-opt, pre-empt and repress dissent. But, what if they lack the technical capacity to access digital tools of control? In what ways have digital technologies altered the way governments conduct statecraft? Based on an analysis of more than 3,000 public procurement documents, and a dozen elite interviews with various stakeholders, we found that the Chinese state has outsourced various functions of online surveillance to private and for-profit arms of state-owned corporations. We found that outsourcing surveillance is intended to augment state technical capacity to moderate and fine-tune the conduct of digital repression. Outsourcing digital repression opens a Pandora's box of state-business collaborations. This Element contributes to the literature on outsourcing repression, state‒business relations, and conduct of digital statecraft.
Between Speech and Song

Between Speech and Song
  • Aspects of Hybrid Voice in Twentieth-Century German Opera
  • Orestis Papaioannou
  • Published online:
    29 May 2026
    Print publication:
    25 June 2026
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  • At the turn of the twentieth century, operatic singing in the German-speaking world remained deeply influenced by the Italian tradition, which implied a lyrical vocal style that prioritised technical precision, tonal beauty, and expressive clarity. From the 1910s onward, composers increasingly and systematically explored vocal techniques that blurred the boundary between speech and song, referred to here as the 'hybrid voice'. These approaches emerged from a complex interplay of symbolic, aesthetic, political, and philosophical influences and reflect a search for more diverse and individualised modes of vocal expression. This Element examines the hybrid voice in four seminal works of German modernism: Alban Berg's Wozzeck, Kurt Weill's Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, Bernd Alois Zimmermann's Die Soldaten, and Adriana Hölszky's Bremer Freiheit. By situating each work within its historical and stylistic context, it traces a broader musical trajectory in German opera from expressionism and new objectivity to the postwar avant-garde.
From Stone to Digital Screen

From Stone to Digital Screen
  • Gothic Cathedrals and Local Iconic Churches as Hybrid Media Spaces
  • Damian Guzek
  • Published online:
    28 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Written against the backdrop of ten years of visits and studies in 220 Gothic cathedrals, Gothic iconic local churches, and neo-Gothic cathedrals, this Element examines the idea of historical religious structures as 'hybrid media spaces' using grounded theory and communication and media approaches to capture the processes of communicating and erasing Christian processes of excommunicating in contemporary secular society. They show that at the current pace of societal conditions, cathedrals and iconic churches labeled as Gothic style are becoming the new platform for religious hybrid media practices and connections between religious and non-religious approaches.
Let Them Cook

Let Them Cook
  • Generational Slang and University Teaching
  • David S. Kreiner
  • Published online:
    28 May 2026
    Print publication:
    25 June 2026
  • Higher education faculty often differ in age from the students in their courses, and these age differences may relate to social and cultural differences. As an aspect of culture, different social groups adopt different slang vocabularies. For these reasons, an understanding of generational differences in slang is relevant to university-level teaching. We explore the nature and characteristics of slang in comparison to other types of language variation as well as the multiple functions that slang serves, both linguistic and social. Next, we examine the concept of generations and education-relevant characteristics that are associated with recent generations. We then connect slang to the concept of code-switching, followed by an examination of slang associated with Generation Z and Generation Alpha. Finally, we consider the implications of generational slang for university level teaching and learning. Generational slang is not just a challenge for university faculty, but also an opportunity.
Participatory Creation within French Public Theatre

Participatory Creation within French Public Theatre
  • Séverine Ruset
  • Translated by Lucy Garnier
  • Published online:
    27 May 2026
    Print publication:
    02 July 2026
  • Within French subsidised performing arts institutions, productions involving non-professional contributors have been gaining traction over the last decade. The trend is spearheaded both by artists, seeking to increase their interactions with society, and by public authorities, preoccupied with people-participation. The recent acceleration of this trend notwithstanding, participatory productions have long been a peripheral phenomenon in French institutions, keen to differentiate their work from socio-cultural approaches. This Element investigates the current rise in participatory creation, examining the motivations underpinning it and charting the artistic processes and forms it produces. The aim is to explore the realities of the presumed democratic reinforcement attached to participation, placing particular emphasis on the nature and scope of the democratising modes in play both on and off stage, and discussing how they interact with the prevailing conventions and value systems of French public theatre.
Post-Humanistic Love

Post-Humanistic Love
  • How Artificial Intelligence Is Reimagining the Construction of Human Intimacy and Emotions
  • Thomas James Vaughn Williams, Camilo Tamayo Gomez
  • Published online:
    26 May 2026
    Print publication:
    30 June 2026
  • The rapid integration of artificial intelligence into everyday life has extended beyond functional assistance into the intimate domains of emotion, companionship, and love. AI chatbots and virtual companions are increasingly engaged as emotional confidants, romantic partners, and sources of care, prompting a re-evaluation of how intimacy is constituted and experienced in a technologically mediated society. This Element examines the emergence of what is termed post-humanistic love, defined as a profound emotional and romantic attachment formed between humans and artificial agents. Drawing on sociological and philosophical theories of intimacy, love, and post-humanism, the Element explores how AI interfaces reconfigure classical conceptions of love, as well as contemporary understandings of emotional reflexivity, distant intimacy and emotional labour. Empirically, the study analyses first-person accounts describing romantic and emotionally significant relationships with AI companions. The findings highlight both the affective potency and the ethical fragility of AI-mediated intimacy in the post-human condition.
Embracing the Circular Economy in Developing Nations

Embracing the Circular Economy in Developing Nations
  • A Pathway to Sustainable Growth and Resilience
  • Sandeep Goyal, Bruno S. Sergi, Sarthak Kaushish, Priyanka Chaudhary
  • Published online:
    26 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Many developing countries are recognising that the traditional 'take–make–dispose' model of growth is no longer sustainable. This element explores that turning point and examines how the circular economy can offer a better path. A circular economy focuses on using resources for longer, reducing waste, and reusing or recycling materials. It offers a way to grow that can generate income, protect nature, and include more people in development. The element traces how circular economy ideas have evolved over the past decade, moving from a mainly global conversation to one increasingly shaped by local needs and realities. It argues that meaningful progress happens when three forces align: effective public policy, active communities, and strong cross-sector partnerships. Through case studies of businesses in developing countries, the element shows how firms with limited resources use creativity to redesign products and processes, turn waste into value, and collaborate to overcome constraints.
The Tolerance of Informality

The Tolerance of Informality
  • State, Religion and Property in China
  • Peter Ho, Heng Zhao
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Today's resurgence of global strife, polarization and neo-nationalism is unprecedented in intensity since the end of the Cold War. Against the backdrop of such dramatic changes, there is anxiety leading many to cling to certitudes that the world is made up of clear-cut divisions: developed versus undeveloped; democratic versus dictatorial; tolerant versus intolerant... Yet, when taking a long term view, and when delving into the vastness of geographical spaces, it becomes obvious that such beliefs are decoupled from reality. This work shows the relativity of these beliefs by examining an issue that has divided the West and China: Tolerance, particularly as reflected in state acts towards religion. It does so without wanting to expound opinions but rather to verify facts; without simplifying but rather to show complexity; and without judging but rather to comprehend.
Playwriting and the Craft of Audience Participation

Playwriting and the Craft of Audience Participation
  • Helen E. Shutt
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • This Element investigates how playwrights can employ text-based strategies to facilitate audience participation in performance. It looks to contemporary discourse in the field of applied theatre to suggest principles the creator of a participatory work may employ to support the creation of a performance text which invites, and is responsive to, contributions from the audience. This Element offers analysis of works by playwrights Tim Crouch, Nassim Soleimanpour, Hannah Jane Walker and Chris Thorpe, all of whom experiment with text-based modalities to position the audience as co-creators in performance. It offers the insights gained from the author through their own experience of writing and staging a participatory performance. This Element draws upon ideas on care, relationality and affect to propose a care-centred model of playwriting which fosters an inclusive and accessible experience of co-creation in performance.
Conservation Covenants and Easements

Conservation Covenants and Easements
  • A Local Instrument Supporting Global Biodiversity Goals
  • Benjamin J. Richardson, Dominic Bilton, Afshin Akhtar-Khavari, Sarah Brugler, James A. Fitzsimons, Phillipa C. McCormack
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
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  • Conservation covenants and easements are legal mechanisms for private landholders to contribute to long-term protection of natural values. This book furnishes a unique international legal and policy study of how covenants and easements in seven jurisdictions are supporting global biodiversity goals, and it considers how they may address new challenges associated with ecosystem restoration and climate change. It compares laws in Australia, Belgium (Flanders), Canada, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States, countries where these mechanisms are increasingly used to support national and global goals of relevance to Earth System Governance. Through interjurisdictional comparison, the book analyses key themes, including recruitment and retention of landholders into conservation agreements, climate adaptation and compliance. This study also offers practical advice on potential directions for law reform or improved implementation of existing covenants and easements law. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Who Follows Whom?

Who Follows Whom?
  • The Role of Geography and Similarity in Online Attention Networks
  • Alexi Quintana-Mathé, Zhen Guo, Nir Grinberg, David Lazer
  • Published online:
    25 May 2026
    Print publication:
    18 June 2026
  • Follower ties play a major role in many social media platforms, representing users' choices on what content to pay attention to. This Element examines the role of geography and similarity by gender, age, race, and partisanship with respect to attention in social media by studying the follower ties among 1.1 million Twitter accounts matched to U.S. voter records. We find that geographic proximity is the dominant predictor of follower ties, and that demographic similarity by age and race/ethnicity are quite important. Surprisingly, given the prominence of political polarization in the contemporary US, partisanship plays a relatively minor role. In addition, our results indicate that the tendency to follow nearby users leads to following users of the same race/ethnicity and partisanship. Our findings highlight the enduring significance of physical geography in virtual spaces and that political preference is not a dominant determinant of online attention in social media.

Page 3 of 127