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2525 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 5 of 127

Monotheism and the Trinity

Monotheism and the Trinity
  • Eric Yang
  • Published online:
    11 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • The doctrine of the Trinity is a central dogma within traditional Christianity, yet claiming that there are three divine persons appears to threaten adherence to monotheism. This Element begins by presenting a logical problem for the doctrine of the Trinity, followed by a survey of extant solutions to it as well as some criticisms to these solutions. Based on some insights concerning the historical context surrounding the development and formulation of the doctrine of the Trinity, this Element proposes a solution whereby the doctrinal claims have minimal content such that a contradiction cannot be derived from them. Rather than dismissing other solutions, this Element adopts a particular framework for understanding theological models, proposing that the models used in these solutions be repurposed in such a way that multiple models help us better grasp and appreciate the target (viz., God or the doctrine of the Trinity).
Psychological Network Analyses and Directed Acyclic Graphs Tutorial for Developmental and Educational Science

Psychological Network Analyses and Directed Acyclic Graphs Tutorial for Developmental and Educational Science
  • Xin Tang, Jindong Zhang, Yuyang Zhang, Hye Rin Lee
  • Published online:
    11 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • Psychological network analysis (PNA) has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the complex interplay of constructs in developmental and educational sciences. Unlike traditional models that assume relationships among variables arise from latent factors, PNA conceptualizes them as dynamic systems of interacting components. This tutorial introduces PNA's theoretical foundations, key concepts (e.g., nodes, edges, network structures), and its methodological applications using cross-sectional, longitudinal, intensive, and cohort data. Through step-by-step guidance and real-world examples, we illustrate how PNA can capture developmental changes, reveal causal structures using directed acyclic graphs, and support developmental and educational research. Special emphasis is given to practical implementation using R, including network estimation, accuracy testing, and visualization. By equipping researchers with the necessary tools to construct and interpret psychological networks, this Element provides a comprehensive framework for leveraging PNA to explore the multifaceted relationships shaping learning, motivation, and social-emotional development.
St. Ephrem the Syrian on Beatitude and the Afterlife

St. Ephrem the Syrian on Beatitude and the Afterlife
  • Andrew J. Hayes
  • Published online:
    11 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • The poetry of Ephrem the Syrian abounds with vivid symbols for the conclusion of salvation history, which forms a path leading from Paradise back to God. His transfiguring glory-light nourishes and enriches the blessed. Those in Gehenna behold the same goal, yet due to self-inflicted inner blindness, they experience it in opposite fashion. Ephrem's eschatology takes shape along the relation between creator and creature rather than along the contrast between particular and universal outcomes. This Element argues that freedom's capacity for transformative growth in relation to God, even post mortem, establishes Ephrem's coherent epektatic account of blessedness, rooted in the quasi-infinite character of human desire despite the finitude of human effort. Freedom's inherent uncertainty makes the salvation of all unknowable. Ephrem refuses to collapse definitively the polarity between creator and creature. Yet a person's freedom remains capable, with divine assistance, of repentance and growth even in Gehenna.
Middlemen in Search Equilibrium

Middlemen in Search Equilibrium
  • A Survey
  • Grace Xun Gong, Ziqi Qiao, Randall Wright
  • Published online:
    09 May 2026
    Print publication:
    30 June 2026
  • Surveys the literature on middlemen (i.e., intermediation in exchange) reviewing, extending and consolidating key developments in the field. This is important because intermediated trade is common in reality but absent in standard general equilibrium theory. The authors focus on research using search theory. In various models, agents may act as middlemen when they are good at search, bargaining, recognizing quality, storing inventories, using credit, etc. The theory applies to markets for goods, inputs or assets. The authors discuss versions with indivisible or divisible goods, fixed or endogenous participation, stationary and dynamic equilibria, and some implications for efficiency and volatility.
Shadows of Integrity in Public Administration

Shadows of Integrity in Public Administration
  • Survey Experiments on Ethics and Corruption
  • Luis Garrido-Vergara
  • Published online:
    08 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • Corruption is a complex phenomenon that challenges ethics and integrity in public administration. Over the past decade, increased societal monitoring – particularly through the media and civil society organizations – has brought corruption back to the forefront of public concern and political debate. Since most state bureaucracies are formally grounded in a Weberian ethos of meritocracy, competition, and discipline, this raises fundamental questions: What causes corruption in the public sector, and what factors shape the likelihood that a public servant will engage in corrupt or unethical behaviour? This Element addresses these questions by advancing survey experiments as a central methodological approach for studying corruption in public administration. By reviewing existing experimental research and outlining research protocols for the design and analysis of survey experiments, this Element aims to contribute methodologically and substantively to the study of corruption and integrity in the public sector.
The Advent of Iron

The Advent of Iron
  • Robert Downes
  • Published online:
    08 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • Before the latter half of the 2nd millennium BCE, smelted iron was virtually unknown in the Near East. Yet by the turn of the millennium iron had already begun to displace copper alloys across the region. This Element will explore the extent to which this phenomenon may have arisen as a consequence of technological developments within preceding traditions for the extraction of copper from its ores. It presents a new approach incorporating a reappraisal of current knowledge with a series of integrated experiments to reveal the frequency of iron extraction during the copper smelting practices of the Late Bronze Age Near East. Armed with these insights the author seeks to address how iron metallurgy may have developed from existing extractive traditions and the implications this has for our wider understanding of technological change within past cultures.
Growing up with Artificial Intelligence

Growing up with Artificial Intelligence
  • Implications for Child Development
  • Ying Xu, Kunlei He
  • Published online:
    07 May 2026
    Print publication:
    30 June 2026
    • Element
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  • Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an integral part of children's lives, ranging from voice assistants and social robots to AI-generated storybooks. As children increasingly interact with these technologies, it is essential to consider their implications for developmental outcomes. This Element examines these implications across three interconnected domains: interaction, perception, and learning. A recurring theme across these domains is that children's engagement with AI both mirrors and diverges from their engagement with humans, positioning AI as a distinct yet potentially complementary source of experience, enrichment, and knowledge. Ultimately, the Element advances a framework for understanding the complex interplay among technology, children, and the social contexts that shape their development. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Technology and Connected Language Learning Across Time and Space

Technology and Connected Language Learning Across Time and Space
  • Chun Lai
  • Published online:
    07 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • Language is integral to human doing, being, becoming and belonging, and its acquisition is naturally distributed in and across activity spaces over time. Different learning experiences form 'a dialectical unity', where one brings the others into existence, and the capacities fostered in one inform and transform those in the others. Thus, connected learning across time and space is fundamental to the coherence, relevance, and meaningfulness of language learning, yet is not given sufficient attention in second language education. Connected learning is particularly relevant in the GenAI era where learner-driven lifelong and lifewide learning is much emphasized. This Element hence conceptualizes the framework of connected language learning with technology, and discusses how the framework could be operationalized and implemented in teaching and learning. It further foregrounds four concepts in this learning framework – agential literacy, interest development, self-regulation support, and identity intervention – and charts out an agenda for research.
Degrees of Academic Librarians

Degrees of Academic Librarians
  • The Case for Capacious Credentialing
  • Bryn Geffert
  • Published online:
    07 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
    • Element
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  • It is difficult to name a question more contentious than the question of credentialing for academic librarians. This Element attempts three things. First, to understand how today's US research libraries approach credentialing and hiring. Which assumptions, practices, and arguments for those practices do they make? The study evaluates those practices and rationale both quantitatively-How many people adopt which positions and practices based on which assumptions?-and qualitatively-How compelling are the arguments for their respective positions? The qualitative element feeds into this essay's second effort: to argue, based on evidence offered, that more traditional and restrictive practices hamper and hobble the profession. The third section-derived from follow-up interviews with deans at libraries with liberalized credentialing and hiring practices-chronicles and draws lessons from libraries at the forefront of reform, and then offers advice to libraries examining their own hiring practices. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Small Groups as the Engines of Cultural Evolution

Small Groups as the Engines of Cultural Evolution
  • Nina Witoszek
  • Published online:
    06 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
  • This Element explores the evolutionary role of small groups as key actors in shaping human adaptability, resilience, and societal development. Drawing on cultural evolutionary theory and interdisciplinary scholarship, it illuminates the world-making and transformative capacities of small groups as primary agents of cooperative communication, cultural innovation, and transmission. Through historical and contemporary case studies from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, it examines how small groups function both as catalysts for moral imagination, cooperation, and democratic renewal, and as drivers of destructive ideologies and social disintegration. The study also reassesses the relevance of evolutionary insights for addressing the major crises of the twenty-first century. By critically engaging with foundational thinkers and ongoing debates on democratic and institutional innovation, this Element offers insights for scholars, policymakers, and civic actors committed to empowering communities and countering authoritarian regression.
Psychology of Religion, Spirituality, and the Thriving Family

Psychology of Religion, Spirituality, and the Thriving Family
  • Gina M. Brelsford, Jennifer S. Ripley
  • Published online:
    05 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
  • Religion and spirituality in the family is a burgeoning field of inquiry. This Element begins by providing basic definitions, theoretical underpinnings, and common assessments of religion and spirituality (R/S) within the family. The authors also examine individuals' religious and spiritual (R/S) landscapes in relation to family functioning, and then consider positive psychology dimensions such as gratitude, humility, compassion, and forgiveness within the context of family members' religiousness and spirituality. Finally, interventions focused on R/S in the family unit and children's medical complications in relation to R/S factors and familial functioning are discussed. Conclusions include recommendations for future research and clinical practice to support families via an R/S lens.
Divine Simplicity

Divine Simplicity
  • Thomas H. McCall
  • Published online:
    05 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
  • The doctrine of divine simplicity is an important element of major monotheistic religions; not only Islamic and Jewish but also Christian theologians have affirmed and defended the doctrine. However, the historic doctrine is the subject of intense debate within these traditions. Historic expressions of the doctrine are surveyed, important objections are considered, and arguments in favor of the doctrine are summarized.
Aristotelian Ontological Priority and Metaphysical Grounding

Aristotelian Ontological Priority and Metaphysical Grounding
  • Bryan C. Reece
  • Published online:
    05 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • Many think that reality is structured such that some beings are more fundamental than others and characterize this structure in terms of 'grounding.' Grounding is typically regarded as explanatory and as exhibiting certain order-theoretic properties: asymmetry, irreflexivity, and transitivity. Aristotle's notion of ontological priority, which inspired discussions of grounding, also has these features. This Element clarifies Aristotle's discussions of ontological priority, explores how it relates to other kinds of priority, and identifies important connections to metaphysical grounding. Aristotle provides numerous examples that appear to impugn ontological priority's order-theoretic coherence. This is Aristotle's 'Priority Problem.' But Aristotle has an independently motivated solution that eliminates the threat from each of the apparently problematic examples and explains why such examples are ubiquitous. The Element argues that a ground-theoretic analog of Aristotle's solution to the Priority Problem addresses recent challenges to grounding.
Decoloniality in Multilingual University Spaces

Decoloniality in Multilingual University Spaces
  • Sarah Hopkyns
  • Published online:
    05 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
  • This Element explores multilingual university spaces and decoloniality, critically examining how coloniality and neoliberalism intersect. While neoliberal language policies aim to equip students with English as a 'lingua academia', critical issues relating to students' translingual identities and belonging are often overlooked. Empirical data are shared from a linguistic landscape study involving a walking ethnography of a university educationscape in the United Arab Emirates, whereby Emirati students share insights on signage and spaces as 'intertextual products' connected to (un)belonging. Data are analysed through thematic and nexus analysis with main themes including the dominance of English, imbalanced bilingualism, bottom-up translanguaging, everyday nationalism, and sticky places and objects. Findings are discussed in relation to the study setting and other global contexts. The Element closes with practical suggestions on decolonising action relevant to a range of multilingual university spaces and future research directions.
Dualities in Physics

Dualities in Physics
  • Sebastian De Haro, Enrico Cinti
  • Published online:
    05 May 2026
    Print publication:
    04 June 2026
  • For more than half a century, dualities have been at the heart of modern physics. From quantum mechanics to statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, quantum field theory and quantum gravity, dualities have proven useful in solving problems that are otherwise quite intractable. Being surprising and unexpected, dualities have been taken to raise philosophical questions about the nature and formulation of scientific theories, scientific realism, emergence, symmetries, explanation, understanding, and theory construction. This Element discusses what dualities are, gives a selection of examples, explores the themes and roles that make dualities interesting, and highlights their most salient types. It aims to be an entry point into discussions of dualities in both physics and philosophy. The philosophical discussion emphasises three main topics: whether duals are theoretically equivalent, the view of scientific theories that is suggested by dualities (namely, a geometric view of theories) and the compatibility between duality and emergence.
Indian Public Opinion toward the Major Powers

Indian Public Opinion toward the Major Powers
  • Aidan Milliff, Paul Staniland
  • Published online:
    04 May 2026
    Print publication:
    21 May 2026
  • How has Indian public opinion toward the United States, China, and Russia/USSR evolved from the 1950s to the present and to what extent does it shape foreign policy? This Element assembles and analyzes more than sixty years of survey data, including newly recovered United States Information Agency–funded polls from the Indian Institute of Public Opinion as well as contemporary nationally representative surveys from Pew, Gallup, and others. The authors use the data to examine long-run trends, short-term reactions to shocks, and the domestic cleavages that structure opinion. They argue that Indian public attitudes are more coherent and responsive to international events than commonly assumed, yet are unequally voiced across socioeconomic groups. The findings speak both to India-specific debates about democracy and foreign policy and to broader international relations theories of public opinion, accountability, and major power politics.
Theories, Models, and Metaphors in the Historiography of Christian Origins

Theories, Models, and Metaphors in the Historiography of Christian Origins
  • Adele Reinhartz
  • Published online:
    04 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
  • This Element focuses on the historiography of Christian origins from the mid-19th century to the present. It argues that this historiography is shaped by two factors: the theories and ideas that prevailed in the historians' own eras; and the views about Jews and Judaism in predominantly Christian societies. In the mid-19th century, the Great Man theory, developed by Thomas Carlyle, fostered debates about which Great Man - Jesus or Paul - founded Christianity. In the late 19th century, evolutionary theory, especially as developed by Charles Darwin, helped shape narratives about the evolution of Christianity out of, or away from, Judaism. After 1945, Holocaust theory prompted historians to reconsider the implicit and explicit anti-Judaism of earlier views. From the late 20th century to the present, postmodern theory challenged metanarratives and binaries – such as Judaism/Christianity – and the very attempt to arrive at a comprehensive and linear account of Christian origins.
Using Generative AI in Historical Practice

Using Generative AI in Historical Practice
  • Yaniv Fox
  • Published online:
    04 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
  • 'Using Generative AI in Historical Practice' argues that generative models are reshaping historical scholarship. Rejecting medium - and long -term speculation, it focuses on near-term practice: how historians can use AI now to augment their research through context-aware dialogue, semantic search, network visualization, multimodal source analysis, and code-assisted workflows. It details methods for context management, task design, and response structure, while warning against cognitive offloading and model bias. While it offers a variety of novel methodologies, the book insists on the indispensability of human agency and taste. Case studies range from Augustine of Hippo to early cinematography, demonstrating the possibilities and limits of generative AI. It concludes with a call to historians to engage with the technology critically and productively, reimagining AI-assisted scholarship without surrendering disciplinary standards and aims.
Thinking Traumatic Histories

Thinking Traumatic Histories
  • Zachary Riebeling
  • Published online:
    04 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
  • This Element investigates the challenges and possibilities of writing histories of trauma. Interpreting trauma as not only an event but also as an analytical framework and an apparatus for working on suffering, it explores how the historiography of trauma intersects with pressing matters of postcolonialism, historical subjectivity, and modernity. It is designed to illuminate the pressing theoretical matters that histories of trauma touch upon, whether explicitly or implicitly. Drawing from histories of trauma as well as foundational theoretical work in literary studies and memory studies, it argues that thinking traumatic histories requires a commitment on the part of historians to theoretical self-reflexivity, to querying not just the past or the archive for the traces of trauma, but the concept itself in its historical and historiographical modulations.
Humanistic Management and Leadership

Humanistic Management and Leadership
  • Michael Pirson
  • Published online:
    04 May 2026
    Print publication:
    28 May 2026
  • This Element outlines the foundational concepts and key applications of humanistic management and leadership. It focuses on the key concepts of protecting dignity and promoting well-being. It provides a humanistically grounded, scientifically backed paradigm for better organizing at the level of individual, relation, team, organization, society and nature. It provides real world examples of organizations and companies that practice humanistic management and leadership and create outstanding value for all stakeholders.

Page 5 of 127