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2232 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 2 of 112

Disenchanting the Senses

Disenchanting the Senses
  • Sulfuric Discourse and the World System
  • Andrew Kettler
  • Published online:
    28 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026
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  • Specifically standing between humanity and natural perceptions of the environment in the contemporary age of ecological decay are disenchanted meanings of sulfur and evil that changed to support the base of capitalism during the Early Modern Era. The blinding system of linguistic and material networks that capital constructs to deny humans the ability to sense environmental threat can be understood most notably through a history of ideas related to supposedly sulfuric demons and the discursive archaeology surrounding many toxic sulfuric compounds ardently linked with the Anthropocene. Thinking of cause and effect in networks of objects and humans, as well as the structures of modernity and capitalism, this Element reasserts a philosophy of disenchantment into the history of the environment. At the core of modernity, capitalist discourses greenwashed experiences of the body related to evils of environmental threat to protect the means of production from considerable critique during the Industrial Revolution.
Unveiling Lady Scott

Unveiling Lady Scott
  • Walter Scott, French Influence and Transcultural Connections
  • Céline Sabiron
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
    Print publication:
    04 December 2025
  • This Element sheds new light on Walter Scott's work by investigating the French influence of his wife, Charlotte Charpentier, later Lady Scott, through her transcultural upbringing and international connections. Much of the limited information about her is tainted by misconceptions from predominantly British male biographers of Scott, whose perspectives were centred on the great man and coloured by anti-French sentiment during the revolutionary period. Through new French and British public records, historical archives, annual registers, and personal materials like letters and diaries from the Scotts' family and social circles, this Element corrects false allegations and highlights her significant, yet largely unrecognised, behind-the-scenes social and literary influence on Scott's writing. By analysing these sources and conducting in-depth readings of Scott's texts, the Element emphasises Scott's collaborative literary approach and argues that Lady Scott, a knowledgeable art and literature enthusiast, greatly assisted him in his work as his secretary, amanuensis, and proofreader.
How Urbanism Changes Foodways

How Urbanism Changes Foodways
  • Monica L. Smith
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026
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  • The advent of urbanism had profound impacts on landscape management, agricultural production, food preservation, and cuisine. This Element examines the 6,000-year history of urbanism through the archaeological perspective of food, using the analysis of cooking and eating vessels, botanical remains, and animal bones along with texts and iconographic evidence to understand the foodways that spurred and accompanied the growth of cities. Human-environmental changes took place as farmers became fewer in number but increasingly essential as providers of food for city-based consumers. The Element also examines the ways in which cities today share patterns of food production and consumption with the first urban settlements, and that we can address questions of sustainability, nutritional improvement, and other desired outcomes by recognizing how the growth of cities has resulted in distinct constraints and opportunities related to food.
The Fascist Zenith

The Fascist Zenith
  • War and Dictatorship under Axis Rule
  • António Costa Pinto
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
  • 1942 represents the apex of the global wave of autocratization associated with the Era of Fascism, and the expansion of Axis Rule during World War were responsible for this impressive growth of authoritarian 'occupation' regimes. Starting in Asia with the Imperialist expansion of Japan, followed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in Europe, the number of dictatorships increased substantially. This Element analyses how the three poles of Axis rule, Italian Fascism, Nazi Germany, and Authoritarian Japan, lead the dynamics of institution-building of political regimes of occupation under their direct or indirect control, respective diffusion models and, in some cases, coercive transfers.
Politics and the Economy

Politics and the Economy
  • Lisa Herzog
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
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    31 December 2025
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  • In today's societies, political and economic issues are closely intertwined, and political philosophy has turned more and more to economic issues. This Element introduces some key questions of economic philosophy: How to think about the relation between political and economic power? Can markets be 'tamed'? Which values are embedded in the economy and how do those relate to political values? It answers these questions by considering arguments from three theoretical perspectives – liberal egalitarian approaches, neorepublicanism, and critical theory or socialist thought – explaining their different background assumptions but also shared grounds. To illustrate these topics, it zooms in on the future of work: How could work be made more just, democratic, and sustainable? In the conclusion, some implications for research strategies in economic philosophy are explored.
Political Meritocracy in the 21st Century

Political Meritocracy in the 21st Century
  • Brian Kogelmann
  • Published online:
    26 November 2025
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    08 January 2026
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  • Political meritocrats believe political power should be allocated according to virtue and competence. It is an old idea, going back at least to Plato. But what is old is new again, as several political philosophers have recently proposed and defended novel articulations of this ancient idea. The purpose of this short monograph is to offer a critical overview of this literature. I cover three schools of thought. I first look at epistocracy, a form of government identical to modern liberal democracies, except voting power is allocated to citizens according to competence. I then turn to Confucian meritocracy, where more blatantly nondemocratic forms of political meritocracy are defended. I finally look at democratic meritocracy, which is the idea that elections either do or could (if they were appropriately reformed) select virtuous and competent leaders. I end by offering reasons to think the entire enterprise of political meritocracy rests on a mistake.
Forensic Linguistics in Southern Africa

Forensic Linguistics in Southern Africa
  • Origins, Progress, and Prospects
  • Russell H. Kaschula, Monwabisi K. Ralarala, Eliseu Mabasso, Zakeera Docrat, Wellman Kondowe, Paul Svongoro
  • Published online:
    25 November 2025
    Print publication:
    18 December 2025
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  • This Element introduces the study of forensic linguistics, particularly in southern Africa, but also in Africa more generally. In the past six decades, there has been clear evidence that the discipline of forensic linguistics is, or was, unknown to general linguists, legal linguists, and applied linguists on the African continent. Now, however, the situation is rapidly changing, with forensic linguistics studies gaining momentum in various parts of Africa. In this Element the authors introduce the topic, define the discipline, address the language of record issue in southern Africa, as well as critically debate the state of court interpreting and translation of documentation into African languages, address police interviewing techniques, while also looking at possible future developments in the discipline of forensic linguistics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Literate Workers and the Production of Early Christian Literature

Literate Workers and the Production of Early Christian Literature
  • Isaac T. Soon
  • Published online:
    25 November 2025
    Print publication:
    18 December 2025
  • This Element provides a historical overview of the sources and key scholarship related to literate workers in early Christianity. It argues that literate workers were indispensable for the creation, production, maintenance, interpretation, and preservation of ancient Christian thought, theology, and literature. This Element centres the embodiment and lived experience of literate workers-as much as is able to be retrieved from our extant Christian sources. Who were they? What did they look like? What was their relationship with named authors? What kinds of aspirations and career trajectories did they have? The aim of this project is to help researchers reconfigure their perspectives on ancient works, that such documents not only represent the genius of named authors but also of (enslaved) literate workers as well.
Clientelism

Clientelism
  • Aris Trantidis
  • Published online:
    25 November 2025
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    18 December 2025
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  • This Element examines clientelism and its impact on democratic institutions and markets, emphasizing that, alongside electoral competition, politics hosts two additional arenas: one where political actors seek campaign resources and active supporters, and another where socioeconomic actors pursue access to state-distributed resources. Clientelism emerges from reciprocal exchanges between these actors. Political parties use clientelism to incentivize collective action and organize campaigns. Playing this 'clientelist game', no party can reduce clientelistic practices without risking electoral defeat or internal fragmentation. Clientelism weakens the provision of public goods and skews policymaking to benefit clients over general welfare. Eventually, it generates an economic 'tragedy of the commons', as state resources are overexploited and the economy suffers, while formal institutions often fail to constrain it. Even in advanced democracies like the United States, political competition is not only electoral, targeting voters, but structurally clientelist. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
New Approaches to Assessing Behavioral and Brain Synchrony in Infant-Parent Dyads

New Approaches to Assessing Behavioral and Brain Synchrony in Infant-Parent Dyads
  • Teresa Wilcox, Jacqueline Stotler Hammack, Lyndsey Riera-Gomez, Mini Sharma, Hila Gvirts
  • Published online:
    21 November 2025
    Print publication:
    18 December 2025
  • Historically, infant–parent synchrony has been measured using methods that provide a global assessment of interpersonal synchrony, representing the quality of dyadic interactions. These approaches have illuminated much about synchrony as a broad construct but lack granular details on the temporal dynamics of these interactions. This Element introduces technologically advanced methods for assessing brain and behavior that can offer detailed insights into the dynamic temporal structure of infant–parent social exchanges. These advancements will significantly enhance our understanding of the bidirectional processes that underpin early emerging dyadic exchanges and how these vary across time and context.
Phonology in Language Documentation

Phonology in Language Documentation
  • Gabriela Caballero, Laura McPherson
  • Published online:
    21 November 2025
    Print publication:
    18 December 2025
  • This Element addresses the challenges and opportunities that arise in the study of sound systems of understudied languages within the context of language documentation, an expanding field that seeks to develop records of the world's languages and their patterns of use in their broader cultural and social context. The topics covered in this Element focus on different elements of language documentation and their relationship to phonological analysis, including lexicography, documentary corpora, music and the verbal arts, as well as grammar writing. For each of these areas, the authors examine methodological and theoretical implications for phonology. With growing concern in the field of language documentation and linguistics more generally for the distribution and implementation of the products of research and its impact for Indigenous language communities, this Element also discusses how phonological documentation may contribute to the development of resources for language communities.
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)
  • Yolanda Ruiz de Zarobe
  • Published online:
    21 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
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  • Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is an educational approach that combines the teaching of subject content with language learning. Originally developed in Europe, CLIL has since been adopted across diverse educational and geographical contexts. This Element offers a comprehensive overview of CLIL, tracing its origins and global development. It examines the theoretical foundations of the approach, as well as key implementation strategies and their impact on language acquisition, content understanding, learner motivation, and attitudes. Special attention is given to how CLIL addresses diversity in the classroom. The text also explores innovative pedagogical practices, such as translanguaging and multimodality, that promote deeper learning and student engagement. It concludes with a discussion on assessment and teacher education within CLIL contexts and outlines the steps needed for its continued growth. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Hegel's Philosophy of Nature

Hegel's Philosophy of Nature
  • Christian Martin
  • Published online:
    21 November 2025
    Print publication:
    08 January 2026
  • Recent years have seen new systematic interest in Hegel's philosophical conception of the physical universe. It has become clear that Hegel's account of nature is revealing both on its own as well as by providing a non-naturalist understanding of the place of mind in nature. This Element focuses on the very foundations and method of Hegel's philosophy of nature, relating them to Newtonian and to modern physics. The volume also sheds light on Hegel's global account of the physical universe as a material space-time system and on his ecological conception of the Earth as a habitable planet populated by organic life. By drawing connections to relativity theory and earth systems science it is shown that Hegel's conception of nature is very much philosophically alive and can complement scientific accounts of nature in illuminating ways.
Teaching Shakespeare’s Theatre of the World

Teaching Shakespeare’s Theatre of the World
  • Kristen Abbott Bennett
  • Published online:
    21 November 2025
    Print publication:
    18 December 2025
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  • This Element engages with one of Shakespeare's greatest thought-experiments: How does one navigate the 'theatre of the world'? It invites students to examine how Shakespeare challenges this metaphor's vertical hierarchies in response to shifting understandings of cosmological order. Teachers will find rich contextual frameworks for exploring how Shakespeare envisions 'worlds' as emerging from dynamic variables, raising urgent questions about how identity and justice are environmentally constructed. Focal plays include A Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, Hamlet, Henry V, The Merchant of Venice, and Othello. Each discussion features student centred 'Explorations'. These play-specific classroom activities can also be adapted across Shakespeare's corpus and tailored for both secondary and university-level students. These exercises encourage non-linear critical and creative thinking, inviting students to contemplate big ideas and generate new perspectives about the shared points of contact between Shakespeare's world and their own.
The Contentious Politics of Global Health Movements

The Contentious Politics of Global Health Movements
  • Contesting Patents in Pandemic Times
  • Donatella della Porta, Stella Christou
  • Published online:
    19 November 2025
    Print publication:
    18 December 2025
  • While much research has addressed the regressive anti-vax protests, this Element focuses on campaigns by progressive social movements to promote the development of vaccines for Covid-19 and ensure their equal access on a global level. Over the course of the pandemic, health and care have become central claims, mobilising health workers and patients as well as citizens in general. Together with various local and national social movement organizations which converged on health rights, through the use of care and cure as bridging frames, transnational campaigns addressing patents on vaccines also unfolded. This Element analyses these transnational campaigns, with particular attention to their organisational models, repertoires of action and collective framing. It assesses their outcomes by considering the complex sets of opportunities and constraints that the Covid-19 pandemic presented for progressive social movements that fight for access to medicines and cures at a global level.
Knowledge and Narrative

Knowledge and Narrative
  • Chiel van den Akker
  • Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    18 December 2025
  • This Element is concerned with narrative as a mode of knowing. It draws attention to the epistemic value of historical narrative qua narrative. This it does not only in an abstract sense, but also with the help of recent works of history. Special attention is given to narrative sentences and narrative theses. A narrative thesis redescribes the actions and events the historian is concerned with and allows for the temporal whole or unity we associate with narrative, with its beginning, middle, and end. A thesis, it is argued, is indispensable and qualifies the work of historians as narrative. The concern with narrative has not lost any of its relevance, for the simple reason that it informs us about history as an academic discipline and the knowledge it produces. For as long as historians decide what events are important in their past and for what reason, they will rely on narrative.
Religion and Food

Religion and Food
  • Alexandra S. Wormley, Adam B. Cohen
  • Published online:
    18 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
  • Religion plays an important role in what and how we eat. Indeed, food is a critical component of religion-as well as a reflection of the other components that make religion unique. This fact is what necessitates greater attention towards food as a lens for understanding psychological phenomenon both within the psychology of religion and the social scientific community at large. Utilizing theories and exemplars from multiple disciplines, the authors discuss how food relates to four dimensions of religion – beliefs (Section 2), values (Section 3), practices (Section 4), and community (Section 5). Throughout the Element and in a concluding section, the authors provide exciting directions for future research. In addition to providing a review of our current understanding of the role of food and religion, this work ultimately seeks to inspire researchers and students to investigate the role of food in religious life.
Revisiting Justice

Revisiting Justice
  • The Moral Meaning of Parole
  • Netanel Dagan
  • Published online:
    17 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
  • Expanding the boundaries of the 'moral turn' in criminology to the realm of punishment administration, this Element proposes reconceptualizing parole through a moral lens. Drawing from a mixed-method study of parole hearings for homicide cases in Israel, the author argues that during parole hearings, parole actors (Attorney General representatives, secondary victims, parole applicants, and parole board members) conduct complex forms of moral labor, specifically retributive-oriented. This moral labor goes beyond rehabilitation and risk assessment to 'do late justice.' In doing such moral labor, parole actors negotiate the moral meaning of crime, character, and deserved punishment with the passage of time. In conclusion, as demonstrated by the current study, Criminologists should engage to a greater extent with the moral meaning of punishment administration, and retributive theorists should aim to better understand the lived experiences of punishment.
Minority Religions, the Law, and the Courts

Minority Religions, the Law, and the Courts
  • Cases and Consequences
  • James T. Richardson
  • Published online:
    17 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
  • This Element examines the complex intersections between minority religions, legal protections and restrictions, and the role of courts in securing, or inhibiting, religious freedom. It considers the legal status of minority religions in selected countries from a comparative perspective, using sociology of law theories to explain how legal systems treat such religious groups. Relevant actions of the European Court of Human Rights are examined as is how minority religions are dealt with in selected societies where authoritarian or theocratic systems of governance prevail. The Element then examines how interactions with law and the courts have led to changes, or 'deformations,' in selected well-known and controversial new and other minority religions. The Element concludes by observing how courts in Europe and North America have used cases involving minority faiths to promote their own agendas and authority, as well as accomplish other important considerations, including religious freedom.
Law’s Language

Law’s Language
  • Meaning and Normativity
  • Daniel Wodak
  • Published online:
    17 November 2025
    Print publication:
    11 December 2025
  • The language of law includes normative or prescriptive terms such as 'obligation' and 'permission'. How do we explain the meaning of prescriptive legal language? This has long been regarded as a problem for positivists, since at first glance their view suggests we can derive an ought – a legal obligation or right or permission – from descriptive social facts alone. This Element outlines what we should want from a semantics of prescriptive legal language, critically evaluates four leading semantic accounts, and argues that legal prescriptivity is not, in the end, a problem for positivists.

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