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2107 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 35 of 106

Relevance Logic

Relevance Logic
  • Shay Allen Logan
  • Published online:
    28 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • Relevance logics are a misunderstood lot. Despite being the subject of intense study for nearly a century, they remain maligned as too complicated, too abstruse, or too silly to be worth learning much about. This Element aims to dispel these misunderstandings. By focusing on the weak relevant logic B, the discussion provides an entry point into a rich and diverse family of logics. Also, it contains the first-ever textbook treatment of quantification in relevance logics, as well as an overview of the cutting edge on variable sharing results and a guide to further topics in the field.
Amulets in Magical Practice

Amulets in Magical Practice
  • Jay Johnston
  • Published online:
    28 March 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • This Element takes as its remit the production and use of amulets. The focus will be on amulets with no, or minimal, textual content like those comprising found stone, semi-precious gem and/or animal body parts. That is a material form that is unaccompanied by directive textual inscription. The analysis considers this materiality to understand its context of use including ritual and metaphysical operations. Through discussion of selected case studies from British, Celtic, and Scandinavian cultures, it demonstrates the associative range of meaning that enabled the attribution of power/agency to the amuletic object Uniquely, it will consider this material culture from an interdisciplinary perspective, drawing together insights from the disciplines of cultural studies, religious studies, 'folk' studies, archaeology and Scandinavian studies. It develops the concept of 'trans-aniconism' to encapsulates an amulet's temporal relations and develops the proposition of 'landscape amulets.'
Labour of the Stitch

Labour of the Stitch
  • The Making and Remaking of Fashionable Georgian Dress
  • Serena Dyer
  • Published online:
    27 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • The making of fashionable women's dress in Georgian England necessitated an inordinate amount of manual labour. From the mantuamakers and seamstresses who wrought lengths of silk and linen into garments, to the artists and engravers who disseminated and immortalised the resulting outfits in print and on paper, Georgian garments were the products of many busy hands. This Element centres the sartorial hand as a point of connection across the trades which generated fashionable dress in the eighteenth century. Crucially, it engages with recreation methodologies to explore how the agency and skill of the stitching hand can inform understandings of craft, industry, gender, and labour in the eighteenth century. The labour of stitching, along with printmaking, drawing, and painting, composed a comprehensive culture of making and manual labour which, together, constructed eighteenth-century cultures of fashionable dress.
Ecological Psychology

Ecological Psychology
  • Miguel Segundo-Ortin, Vicente Raja
  • Published online:
    27 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • Ecological psychology is one of the main alternative theories of perception and action available in the contemporary literature. This Element explores and analyzes its most relevant ideas, concepts, methods, and experimental results. It discusses the historical roots of the ecological approach. The Element then analyzes the works of the two main founders of ecological psychology: James and Eleanor Gibson. It also explores the development of ecological psychology since the 1980s until nowadays. Finally, the Element identifies and evaluates the future of the ecological approach to perception and action.
In Search of Integrity

In Search of Integrity
  • A Life-Journey across Diverse Contexts
  • Robert Serpell
  • Published online:
    26 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • This Element traces the origins of an individual's philosophical orientation and the processes by which it was elaborated over the course of his life-journey. The author discusses how selected stories from his personal experience reflect the intimate culture of a particular social group of which he was a participant member at the time. The author's life-journey includes a tumultuous period of emerging adulthood in Singapore and Oxford. Moving to Zambia in 1965 aged 21, he conducted research, teaching and writing including sojourns in England and in Maryland USA. He discusses how his perspective in cultural psychology relates to his personal life as a migrant and as a parent, and to his views on how the world can best address the challenges of cooperative communication in the 2020s.
Legal-Lay Discourse and Procedural Justice in Family and County Courts

Legal-Lay Discourse and Procedural Justice in Family and County Courts
  • Tatiana Grieshofer
  • Published online:
    26 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
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  • Focusing on adversarial legal settings, this Element explores discursive practices in court proceedings which often involve unrepresented parties – private family proceedings and small claims cases. Such proceedings present the main caseload of county and family courts but pose immense challenges when it comes to legal–lay communication. Drawing on court observations, alongside textual and interview data, the Element pursues three aims: (1) developing the methodological and theoretical framework for exploring discursive practices in legal settings; (2) establishing the link between legal–lay discourse and procedural justice; (3) presenting and contextualising linguistic phenomena as an inherent part of court research and practice. The Element illustrates how linguistic input can contribute to procedural changes and court reforms across different adversarial and non-adversarial legal settings. The exploration of discursive practices embedded in court processes and procedures consolidates and advances the existing court research conducted within the fields of socio-legal studies and forensic and legal linguistics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs

A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs
  • Extensions
  • Matias D. Cattaneo, Nicolas Idrobo, Rocío Titiunik
  • Published online:
    25 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • In this Element, which continues our discussion in Foundations, the authors provide an accessible and practical guide for the analysis and interpretation of Regression Discontinuity (RD) designs that encourages the use of a common set of practices and facilitates the accumulation of RD-based empirical evidence. The focus is on extensions to the canonical sharp RD setup that we discussed in Foundations. The discussion covers (i) the local randomization framework for RD analysis, (ii) the fuzzy RD design where compliance with treatment is imperfect, (iii) RD designs with discrete scores, and (iv) and multi-dimensional RD designs.
Monotheism and Pluralism

Monotheism and Pluralism
  • Rachel S. Mikva
  • Published online:
    23 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • Can monotheistic traditions affirm the comparable value of diverse religions? Can they celebrate our world's multiple spiritual paths? This Element explores historical foundations and contemporary paradigms for pluralism in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Recognizing that there are other ways to interpret the traditions, it excavates the space for theological parity.
Science and the Public

Science and the Public
  • Angela Potochnik
  • Published online:
    23 March 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • Science is a product of society: in its funding, its participation, and its application. This Element explores the relationship between science and the public with resources from philosophy of science. Chapter 1 defines the questions about science's relationship to the public and outlines science's obligation to the public. Chapter 2 considers the Vienna Circle as a case study in how science, philosophy, and the public can relate very differently than they do at present. Chapter 3 examines how public understanding of science can have a variety of different goals and introduces philosophical discussions of scientific understanding as a resource. Chapter 4 addresses public trust in science, including responding to science denial. Chapter 5 considers how expanded participation in science can contribute to public trust of science. Finally, Chapter 6 casts light on how science might discharge its obligations to the public.
Global Strategy in Our Age of Chaos

Global Strategy in Our Age of Chaos
  • How Will the Multinational Firm Survive?
  • Stephen Tallman, Mitchell P. Koza
  • Published online:
    23 March 2024
    Print publication:
    02 May 2024
  • Chaotic environments are producing unique and unprecedented challenges for multinational companies, challenges that raise important questions about whether and how multinationals will survive or wither away. This Element explores both the macro political, economic, technological, and social forces impacting international business and the strategic management adaptations that leading companies have deployed to respond to these challenges. We observe that a new organizational form – the Global Multi-Business – has evolved that may be especially adapted to respond to and challenge a world in which change is ubiquitous, with the direction of change unpredictable and the pace of change accelerating. It accomplishes this through the strategic assembly of the organization and the animation of its many parts.
Counter-Stereotypes and Attitudes Toward Gender and LGBTQ Equality

Counter-Stereotypes and Attitudes Toward Gender and LGBTQ Equality
  • Jae-Hee Jung, Margit Tavits
  • Published online:
    22 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Insights from social psychology and the gender and politics literature, as well as discussions and campaigns in the policymaking world, suggest that exposure to counter-stereotypes about gender roles might improve people's attitudes toward gender equality and LGBTQ rights. The authors test this expectation by conducting five survey experiments (N=6,916) and a separate, follow-up experiment (N=3,600) in the US context using counter-stereotypical treatments commonly encountered in the real world. They examine both political and non-political attitudes, manipulate stereotypes about both men and women, and provide visual as well as textual stimuli. The treatments undermined stereotypes about the gender roles depicted in the counter-stereotypical exemplars. However, they failed to alter respondents' generic core beliefs about women and men and increase equitable attitudes. The results improve our understanding of how stereotypes contribute to gender and anti-LGBTQ bias.
Lucrezia Marinella

Lucrezia Marinella
  • Marguerite Deslauriers
  • Published online:
    22 March 2024
    Print publication:
    18 April 2024
  • Lucrezia Marinella's (1571–1653) most important contributions to philosophy were two polemical treatises: The Nobility and excellence of Women, and the Defects and Vices of Men, and the Exhortations to Women and to Others if They Please. Marinella argues for the superiority of women over men in every respect: psychologically, physiologically, morally, and intellectually. She is particularly effective in using the resources of ancient philosophy to support her various arguments, in which she draws conclusions about the souls and the bodies of women, the nature and significance of women's beauty, the virtue of women and the liberty to which women as well as men are entitled. This Element showcases that her claim of superiority is intended ultimately to justify the possibility of political rule by women.
Decolonising African Theatre

Decolonising African Theatre
  • Samuel Ravengai
  • Published online:
    21 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Decolonisation can be pursued in different ways. After many years of developing a critical language to engage coloniality, the most urgent need in African theatre is to develop new theories and methods in our manufactories. This Element uses Afroscenology as a theory to read and comment on African theatre. The Element particularly focuses on the history of laboratories in which it was tested and emerged, the historicization of rombic theatre and the crafting of a theory of the playtext which has been named theatric theory to distinguish it from the Aristotelian dramatic theory. The second dimension of the theory is the performatic technique. This Element also explain Afrosonic mime through examples drawn from the workshops conducted in training performers.
Utpal Dutt and Political Theatre in Postcolonial India

Utpal Dutt and Political Theatre in Postcolonial India
  • Mallarika Sinha Roy
  • Published online:
    21 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Among the most significant playwrights and theatre-makers of postcolonial India, Utpal Dutt (1929–1993), was an early exponent of rethinking colonial history through political theatre. Dutt envisaged political theatre as part of the larger Marxist project, and his incorporation of new developments in Marxist thinking, including the contributions of Antonio Gramsci, makes it possible to conceptualise his protagonists as insurgent subalterns. A decolonial approach to staging history remained a significant element in Dutt's artistic project. This Element examines Dutt's passionate engagement with Marxism and explores how this sense of urgency was actioned through the writing and producing of plays about the peasant revolts and armed anti-colonial movements which took place during the period of British rule. Drawing on contemporary debates in political theatre regarding the autonomy of the spectator and the performance of history, the author locates Dutt's political theatre in a historical frame.
Pragmatic Inference

Pragmatic Inference
  • Misunderstandings, Accountability, Deniability
  • Chi-Hé Elder
  • Published online:
    19 March 2024
    Print publication:
    21 March 2024
  • The concept of inference is foundational to the study of pragmatics; however, the way it is theoretically conceptualised and methodologically operationalised is far from uniform. This Element investigates the role that inference plays in pragmatic models of communication, bringing together a range of scholarship that characterises inference in different ways for different purposes. It addresses the nature of 'faulty inferences', promoting the study of misunderstandings as crucial for understanding inferential processes, and looking at sociopragmatic issues such as the role of commitment, accountability and deniability of inferences in interpersonal communication. This Element highlights that the question of where the locus of meaning lies is not only relevant to pragmatic theory but is also of paramount importance for understanding and managing real-life interpersonal communication conflict.
The Language of Romance Crimes

The Language of Romance Crimes
  • Interactions of Love, Money, and Threat
  • Elisabeth Carter
  • Published online:
    18 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
    • Element
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  • Exploring the interplay of love, money and threat in romance fraud, this Element reveals how language is used to persuade, manipulate, and threaten without causing alarm. It provides the first empirical examination of criminal interactions-in-action that exposes and tracks the grooming process and manipulation techniques from first contact with the fraudster, to the transition between romance and finance, and requests for money and intimate images, before morphing into explicit threats and acts of sextortion. Through the use of a range of interactional methodologies and real romance fraud messages, a new type of criminality in the form of 'romance fraud enabled sextortion' is revealed. The insights contained in this work have clear implications for future directions of academic exploration and practitioner efforts to protect the public. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Sixty Years of Visible Protest in the Disability Struggle for Equality, Justice, and Inclusion

Sixty Years of Visible Protest in the Disability Struggle for Equality, Justice, and Inclusion
  • David Pettinicchio
  • Published online:
    16 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Visible protests reflect both continuity and change. This Element illustrates how protest around longstanding issues and grievances is punctuated by movement dynamics as well as broader cultural and institutional environments. The disability movement is an example of how activist networks and groups strategically adapt to opportunity and threat, linking protest waves to the development of issue politics. The Element examines sixty years of protest across numerous issue areas that matter for disability including social welfare, discrimination, transportation, healthcare, and media portrayals. Situating visible protest in this way provides a more nuanced picture of cycles of contention as they relate to political and organizational processes, strategies and tactics, and short-and-long-term outcomes. It also provides clues about why protest ebbs and flows, when and how protest matters, who it matters for, and for what.
The Problem of Private Health Insurance

The Problem of Private Health Insurance
  • Insights from Middle-Income Countries
  • Susan F. Murray
  • Published online:
    15 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Financial markets, actors, institutions and technologies are increasingly determining which kinds of services and 'welfare' are available, how these are narrated, and what comes to represent the 'common sense' in the policy world and in everyday life. This Element problematises the rationale and operation of one such financial technology, private health insurance, and the industry it inhabits. It offers a cross-disciplinary overview of the various drivers of these markets in middle-income countries and their appeal for development institutions and for governments. Using a range of illustrative case examples and drawing on critical scholarship it considers how new markets are pursued and how states are entangled with market development. It reflects on how the private health insurance sector in turn is shaping and segmenting health systems, and also our ideas about rights, fairness and responsibility.
Cultural Psychology and Acculturation

Cultural Psychology and Acculturation
  • Pawel Boski
  • Published online:
    15 March 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
  • This Element offers a new theoretical model of acculturation within the general framework of cultural psychology. It is divided into four sections. First, cross-cultural and cultural orientations are contrasted. The psychology of economic migration (EARN), separate from the psychology of acculturation (LEARN), is the theme of the next section. Berry's model of acculturation preferences is discussed in section three. It serves as a contrasting reference point for the tripartite model of bicultural competencies, developed in the final section. The three interconnected components are symbols, language, and values/practices characterize both enculturation and acculturation. As a second culture learning process, acculturation is not restricted to immigration. It may take a vicarious (remote) shape in the home country. Reaching bicultural competencies and identities, in the long run, is the proposed outcome of acculturation.
The Anarchist Turn in Twenty-First Century Leftwing Activism

The Anarchist Turn in Twenty-First Century Leftwing Activism
  • John Markoff, Hillary Lazar, Benjamin S. Case, Daniel P. Burridge
  • Published online:
    14 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Leftwing activism of recent decades exhibits an anarchist turn evident in quantitative indicators like mentions of anarchists in news reports and by activists adopting anarchist modes of organization, tactics, and social goals-whether or not they claim that label. The authors of this Element argue that the very crises that generated radical mobilizations since the turn of the millennium have both led activists to reject other strategies for social transformation and to see anarchist practices as appropriate to the challenges of our time. This turn is clearly apparent in the Americas and Europe, and has reverberations on an even broader transnational, perhaps global, scale. This suggests the need for research on social movements to consider anarchists and other marginalized radical traditions more fully, not just as objects of study, but as important sources of theory.

Page 35 of 106