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2107 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 32 of 106

C.S. Lewis and the Problem of God

C.S. Lewis and the Problem of God
  • David Werther
  • Published online:
    30 April 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
  • Understanding C.S. Lewis's vocation is essential for reading his works well, as is knowing how he came to it: his long and winding philosophical journey and reoccurring experiences of 'Joy.' Lewis discounted 'proofs' in philosophical theology but offered key arguments in support of theism per se, and Christianity in particular. His account of “mere Christianity” shows the centrality of self-determination, an emphasis on Christ's human nature, and a relativizing of atonement theories. Finally, Lewis's understanding of faith, his attempts to make sense of petitionary and imprecatory prayers, and his emphasis on theosis/deification, are considered.
Sensorium

Sensorium
  • Contextualizing the Senses and Cognition in History and Across Cultures
  • David Howes
  • Published online:
    29 April 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
  • Do the senses have a history? How many might there be? Are the senses so many independent channels, or do they interact with and modulate each other? If so, how might we cultivate the capacity to see feelingly or hear colours? What makes smell 'the affective sense'? These are among the questions to be addressed in this Element. It pries the senses and perception loose from the psychology laboratory to focus on how they have been constructed and lived differently in different historical periods and across cultures. Many of its findings are surprising because they run counter to our common-sense assumptions about the sensorium. They make uncommon sense. Plus the reader will meet some fascinating historical characters like the prolific 17th century natural philosopher Margaret Cavendish (also author of the play The Convent of Pleasure) and the late 19th century artist James McNeill Whistler, who infused his paintings with music.
The YouTube Apparatus

The YouTube Apparatus
  • Kevin Munger
  • Published online:
    29 April 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
    • Element
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  • The academic agenda for studying social media and politics has been somewhat haphazard. Thanks to rapid technological change, a cascade of policy-relevant crises, and sheer scale, we do not have a coherent framework for deciding what questions to ask. This Element articulates such a framework by taking existing literature from media economics and sociology and applying it reflexively, to both the academic agenda and to the specific case of politics on YouTube: the Supply and Demand Framework. The key mechanism, traced over the past century, is the technology of audience measurement. The YouTube audience comes pre-rationalized in the form of Likes, Views and Comments, and is thus unavoidable for all actors involved. The phenomenon of 'radicalization' is best understood as a consequence of accelerated feedback between audiences and creators, radicalizing each other. I use fifteen years of supply and demand data from YouTube to demonstrate how different types of producers respond more or less to this feedback, which in turn structures the ideological distribution of content consumed on the platform. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Shakespeare and Nonhuman Intelligence

Shakespeare and Nonhuman Intelligence
  • Heather Warren-Crow
  • Published online:
    29 April 2024
    Print publication:
    02 May 2024
  • The Infinite Monkey Theorem is an idea frequently encountered in mass market science books, discourse on Intelligent Design, and debates on the merits of writing produced by chatbots. According to the Theorem, an infinite number of typing monkeys will eventually generate the works of Shakespeare. Shakespeare and Nonhuman Intelligence is a metaphysical analysis of the Bard's function in the Theorem in various contexts over the past century. Beginning with early-twentieth century astrophysics and ending with twenty-first century AI, it traces the emergence of Shakespeare as the embattled figure of writing in the age of machine learning, bioinformatics, and other alleged crimes against the human organism. In an argument that pays close attention to computer programs that instantiate the Theorem, including one by biologist Richard Dawkins, and to references in publications on Intelligent Design, it contends that Shakespeare performs as an interface between the human and our Others: animal, god, machine.
Indigenous Psychology in Africa

Indigenous Psychology in Africa
  • A Survey of Concepts, Theory, Research, and Praxis
  • Seth Oppong
  • Published online:
    29 April 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
  • Understanding human behaviour, thoughts, and emotional expressions can be challenging in the global context. Due to cultural differences, the study of psychology cannot be de-contextualised. This calls for unearthing of the explanatory systems that exist in Africa to understand and account for behaviour, emotions, and cognition of Africans. This call is addressed through the emergence of African Psychology (AP) or Indigenous Psychology in Africa (IPA) as a legitimate science of human experience. This Element discusses the motivations for AP, centrality of culture, demarcations of AP, and the different strands within AP. It highlights issues related to African philosophy, African cultural anthropology, African philosophy of science, and suitable methodological approaches for AP research. It also discusses some selected theoretical contributions and applications of AP. The Element concludes that AP researchers and practitioners need to pursue interdisciplinarity and avoid meaningless rejection of good ideas from other cultural settings.
Survival of the Greenest

Survival of the Greenest
  • Economic Transformation in a Climate-conscious World
  • Amir Lebdioui
  • Published online:
    27 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
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  • The pathways to economic development are changing. Environmental sustainability is no longer a choice but a necessity to maintain a competitive edge in the global economy. Just like in nature, where survival hinges on adaptation, this Element shows how nations adjust to -and take advantage of- the new dynamics of structural transformation induced by climate change.First, by analysing the uneven industrial geography of decarbonisation, the inadequate state of climate financing and rise of green protectionism, it demonstrates that the low-carbon economy stands to increase economic disparities between nations, unless action is taken. Then, by examining green industrial policies and their varied success, it explains how governments can still join the green industrialisation race. Finally, it examines how to adapt green industrial policy to different starting points, market sizes, productive structures, state-business relations dynamics, institutional layouts, and ecological contexts. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Equity for Children in the United States

Equity for Children in the United States
  • Shantel Meek, Evandra Catherine, Xigrid Soto- Boykin, Darielle Blevins
  • Published online:
    27 April 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
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  • All children deserve access to the conditions and opportunities needed to thrive, including unbiased accessible healthcare and high-quality learning opportunities; safe, toxin-free communities and stable housing; access to nutritious meals; and secure, warm, available, and loving caregivers. Historic and contemporary injustices in US society have created inequities in opportunity and access to resources for Black, Latine, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and other children of color, children with disabilities, children in poverty, and other marginalized children; these have contributed to stark disparities across child development outcomes. This Element overviews inequities in economic, educational, and health systems through historical and contemporary perspectives and describes how these inequities impact children and families. Solutions to address these inequities are considered for a fairer US society, starting with its youngest residents, where all families have what they need to thrive. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Robust Governance in Turbulent Times

Robust Governance in Turbulent Times
  • Christopher Ansell, Eva Sørensen, Jacob Torfing, Jarle Trondal
  • Published online:
    26 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
    • Element
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  • This Element aims to build, promote, and consolidate a new social science research agenda by defining and exploring the concepts of turbulence and robustness, and subsequently demonstrating the need for robust governance in turbulent times. Turbulence refers to the unpredictable dynamics that public governance is currently facing in the wake of the financial crisis, the refugee crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, the inflation crisis etc. The heightened societal turbulence calls for robust governance aiming to maintain core functions, goals and values by means of flexibly adapting and proactively innovating the modus operandi of the public sector. This Element identifies a broad repertoire of robustness strategies that public governors may use and combine to respond robustly to turbulence. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Plague, Towns and Monarchy in Early Modern France

Plague, Towns and Monarchy in Early Modern France
  • Neil Murphy
  • Published online:
    25 April 2024
    Print publication:
    25 April 2024
  • This Element examines the emergence of comprehensive plague management systems in early modern France. While the historiography on plague argues that the plague of Provence in the 1720s represented the development of a new and 'modern' form of public health care under the control of the absolutist monarchy, it shows that the key elements in this system were established centuries earlier because of the actions of urban governments. It moves away from taking a medical focus on plague to examine the institutions that managed disease control in early modern France. In doing so, it seeks to provide a wider context of French plague care to better understand the systems used at Provence in the 1720s. It shows that the French developed a polycentric system of plague care which drew on the input of numerous actors combat the disease.
La economía política de una expansión segmentada

La economía política de una expansión segmentada
  • Política social latinoamericana en la primera década del siglo XXI
  • Camila Arza, Rossana Castiglioni, Juliana Martínez Franzoni, Sara Niedzwiecki, Jennifer Pribble, Diego Sánchez-Ancochea
  • Published online:
    24 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • Los primeros años del siglo XXI fueron un período de expansión de la política social en América Latina. Se crearon nuevos programas en salud, jubilaciones y pensiones, y asistencia social, y se incorporaron grupos previamente excluidos de las políticas existentes. ¿Cuál fue el carácter de esta expansión de la política social? ¿Por qué experimentó la región esta transformación? A partir de una revisión de un amplio número de artículos y libros, mostramos que los avances de la política social en la primera década del siglo XXI se mantuvieron segmentados, con diferencias en los niveles de acceso y beneficio, brechas en la calidad de los servicios y disparidad entre los sectores de política. Argumentamos que esta “expansión segmentada” fue el resultado de una combinación de características de la democracia a corto y largo plazo, condiciones económicas favorables y legados de política. El análisis revela que quienes estudian la política social latinoamericana han generado nuevos conceptos e importantes teorías que propician nuestra comprensión de las constantes preguntas sobre el desarrollo y el cambio del estado de bienestar.
More is Less

More is Less
  • Why Parties May Deliberately Write Incomplete Contracts
  • Maija Halonen-Akatwijuka, Oliver Hart
  • Published online:
    24 April 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
  • Why are contracts incomplete? Transaction costs and bounded rationality cannot be a total explanation since states of the world are often describable, foreseeable, and yet are not mentioned in a contract. Asymmetric information theories also have limitations. We offer an explanation based on 'contracts as reference points'. Including a contingency of the form, 'The buyer will require a good in event E', has a benefit and a cost. The benefit is that if E occurs there is less to argue about; the cost is that the additional reference point provided by the outcome in E can hinder (re)negotiation in states outside E. We show that if parties agree about a reasonable division of surplus, an incomplete contract is strictly superior to a contingent contract. If parties have different views about the division of surplus, an incomplete contract can be superior if including a contingency would lead to divergent reference points.
Cranial and Spinal Tuberculosis Infections including Acute Presentations

Cranial and Spinal Tuberculosis Infections including Acute Presentations
  • Veekshith Shetty, Pragnesh Bhatt
  • Published online:
    24 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • Central nervous system, affliction, although rare, represents one of the most severe extra-pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis, potentially leading to substantial morbidity and mortality if not promptly addressed. Cranial tuberculosis can manifest in various forms, including tuberculomas, encephalitis, abscesses, and meningitis, with the latter being the most critical and carrying a poor prognosis if left untreated. Spinal tuberculosis, accounting for approximately 50% of musculoskeletal TB cases, can present with a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from simple back pain to more severe neurological deficits such as weakness and deformity. Anti-tuberculosis medications remain the cornerstone of treatment, and this Element offers an algorithmic approach to managing referrals of suspected tuberculosis, incorporating pertinent clinical information to facilitate effective decision-making.
Early Childhood and Digital Media

Early Childhood and Digital Media
  • Rachel Barr, Heather Kirkorian, Sarah Coyne, Jenny Radesky
  • Published online:
    24 April 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
  • Screen time, defined as estimates of child time spent with digital media, is considered harmful to very young children. At the same time, the use of digital media by children under five years of age has increased dramatically, and with the advent of mobile and streaming media can occur anywhere and at any time. Digital media has become an integral part of family life. Imprecise global screen time estimates do not capture multiple factors that shape family media ecology. In this Element, the authors discuss the need to shift the lens from screen time measures to measures of family media ecology, describe the new Dynamic, Relational, Ecological Approach to Media Effects Research (DREAMER) framework, and more comprehensive digital media assessments. The authors conclude this Element with a roadmap for future research using the DREAMER framework to better understand how digital media use is associated with child outcomes.
Designing Behavioural Insights for Policy

Designing Behavioural Insights for Policy
  • Processes, Capacities & Institutions
  • Ishani Mukherjee, Assel Mussagulova
  • Published online:
    24 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • The diversity of knowledge surrounding behavioural insights (BI) means in the policy sciences, although visible, remains under-theorized with scant comparative and generalizable explorations of the procedural prerequisites for their effective design, both as stand-alone tools and as part of dedicated policy 'toolkits'. While comparative analyses of the content of BI tools has proliferated, the knowledge gap about the procedural needs of BI policy design is growing recognizably, as the range of BI responses grows in practice necessitating specific capabilities, processes and institutional frameworks to be in place for their design. This Element draws on the literature on policy design and innovation adoption to explore the administrative, institutional and capacity endowments of governments for the successful and appropriate integration of BI in existing policy frameworks. Further, we present three illustrative cases with respect to their experience of essential procedural endowments facilitating for the effective integration of BI in policy design.
Thailand

Thailand
  • Contestation, Polarization, and Democratic Regression
  • Prajak Kongkirati
  • Published online:
    23 April 2024
    Print publication:
    30 May 2024
  • This Element aims to provide an overview of Thai politics with an up-to-date discussion of the characteristics of political regimes, political economy, and identity and mobilization that are grounded in historical analysis stretching back to the formation of the modern nation state. The thematic topics will focus on a) the chronic instability and ever-changing nature of political regimes resulting in the failure of democratic consolidation, b) the nexus of business and politics sustained by a patrimonial state structure, patronage politics and political corruption, and c) the contestation of identity and the causes and consequences of mass mobilization in the civic space and street politics.
Propositional Quantifiers

Propositional Quantifiers
  • Peter Fritz
  • Published online:
    23 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • Propositional quantifiers are quantifiers binding proposition letters, understood as variables. This Element introduces propositional quantifiers and explains why they are especially interesting in the context of propositional modal logics. It surveys the main results on propositionally quantified modal logics which have been obtained in the literature, presents a number of open questions, and provides examples of applications of such logics to philosophical problems.
The Philosophy of Legal Proof

The Philosophy of Legal Proof
  • Lewis Ross
  • Published online:
    23 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • Criminal courts make decisions that can remove the liberty and even life of those accused. Civil trials can cause the bankruptcy of companies employing thousands of people, asylum seekers being deported, or children being placed into state care. Selecting the right standards when deciding legal cases is of utmost importance in giving those affected a fair deal. This Element is an introduction to the philosophy of legal proof. It is organised around five questions. First, it introduces the standards of proof and considers what justifies them. Second, it discusses whether we should use different standards in different cases. Third, it asks whether trials should end only in binary outcomes or use more fine-grained or precise verdicts. Fourth, it considers whether proof is simply about probability, concentrating on the famous 'Proof Paradox'. Finally, it examines who should be trusted with deciding trials, focusing on the jury system.
Beckett and Cioran

Beckett and Cioran
  • Steven Matthews
  • Published online:
    22 April 2024
    Print publication:
    16 May 2024
  • This Element discusses the association between Samuel Beckett, and the Romanian-born philosopher, E. M. Cioran. It draws upon the known biographical detail, but, more substantially, upon the terms of Beckett's engagement with Cioran's writings, from the 1950s to the 1970s. Certain of Cioran's key conceptualisations, such as that of the 'meteque', and his version of philosophical scepticism, resonate with aspects of Beckett's writing as it evolved beyond the 'siege in the room'. More particularly, aspects of Cioran's conclusion about the formal nature that philosophy must assume chime with some of the formal decisions taken by Beckett in the mid-late prose. Through close reading of some of Beckett's key works such as Texts for Nothing and How It Is, and through consideration of Beckett's choices when translating between English and French, the issues of identity and understanding shared by these two settlers in Paris are mutually illuminated.
Trans-studies on Writing for English as an Additional Language

Trans-studies on Writing for English as an Additional Language
  • Yachao Sun, Ge Lan
  • Published online:
    22 April 2024
    Print publication:
    30 May 2024
  • This Element charts the historical development of trans-concepts in writing studies and scrutinizes the discussions surrounding translingual and second language (L2) writing. It further examines the emerging trends within trans-studies on writing and highlights the implications that trans-pedagogies hold for English as an Additional Language (EAL) writing. The element consists of five key sections: (1) the evolution and enactment of various trans-concepts in writing studies; (2) the concerns and debates raised by L2 writing scholars in response to these trans-terms; (3) a response to these reservations through a bibliometric analysis of current research trends; (4) the potential variations in trans-practices across different contexts and genres; and (5) the role of trans-pedagogies in facilitating or potentially hindering the process of EAL writing teaching and learning. This element serves as a resource for EAL writing educators by providing a comprehensive understanding of the potential benefits and challenges associated with trans-pedagogies.
Metaphysics and the Sciences

Metaphysics and the Sciences
  • Matteo Morganti
  • Published online:
    22 April 2024
    Print publication:
    30 May 2024
  • This Element presents and critically examines the relationship between metaphysics and the sciences. Section 1 provides a brief introduction. Section 2 looks at the methodological issues that arise when metaphysics and science get into contact, which is a much-debated aspect of the larger dispute concerning philosophical 'naturalism' and 'anti-naturalism'. A taxonomy of possible views is offered. Section 3 looks more specifically at milder forms of naturalism about metaphysics, which attempt in various ways to make it 'continuous' with science while preserving some degree of autonomy for it. Section 4 adds some reflections on what might be regarded as the most pressing open problem when it comes to doing scientifically oriented metaphysics (but also when practising metaphysics or science in isolation): the problem concerning theory choice and the value of non-empirical factors in determining which explanation of certain phenomena should be preferred.

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