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2154 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 31 of 108

YA Anthologies

YA Anthologies
  • Amplifying Voices, Building Community
  • Melanie Ramdarshan Bold
  • Published online:
    07 June 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Despite their long publishing history, anthologies have received little scholarly attention. However, they play an important role in collecting, and reflecting upon, voices and identities that have all-to-often been on the fringes of publishing. This Element explores the sociocultural functions of anthologies in relation to discussions around exclusion/inclusion in the publishing industry. Focusing on YA anthologies, using a case study of A Change Is Gonna Come anthology (2017), this Element argues that the form and function of anthologies allows them to respond to and represent changing ideas of socially-marginalised identities. In A Change Is Gonna Come, this medium also affords Black and Brown authors a platform and community for introspection and the development of both individual and collective identities. Beyond merely introducing writings by socially-marginalised groups, this Element contends that YA anthologies embody a form of literary activism, fostering community-building and offering a means to circumvent obstacles prevalent in publishing.
Managing Religion and Religious Changes in Iran

Managing Religion and Religious Changes in Iran
  • A Socio-Legal Analysis
  • Sajjad Adeliyan Tous, James T. Richardson
  • Published online:
    07 June 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
  • This Element offers a theoretically informed examination of the manner in which religion, especially alternative and emergent religious and spiritual movements, is managed by law and legal mechanisms in the authoritarian theocracy of Iran. It highlights how these phenomena have been affected by the intersection of law, politics, and Shiʿi theology in recent Iranian history. The growing interest of Iranian citizens in new religious movements and spiritual currents, fostered by the cultural diffusion of Western writings and ideas, is described. The development of religious diversity in Iran and a corresponding loss of commitment toward some Islamic doctrines and practices are of considerable concern to both the Iranian religious and political establishments. This has led to social control efforts over any religious and spiritual movement differing from the regime's view of Islam. Those efforts, supported in large part by Western anticult ideas, culminated in the passage of a piece of stringent legislation in 2021. The Element closes with applications of theorizing from the sociology of law and of religion.
Religious Humanitarianism during the World Wars, 1914–1945

Religious Humanitarianism during the World Wars, 1914–1945
  • Between Atheism and Messianism
  • Patrick J. Houlihan
  • Published online:
    06 June 2024
    Print publication:
    13 June 2024
  • The history of modern war has focused on destruction; however, practices of saving lives and rebuilding societies have received far less scrutiny. The world wars reconfigured geopolitics on a sacred-secular spectrum dominated by the USA and the USSR. In these events, the motivations of humanitarian actors are disputed as either secular or religious, evoking approval or censure. Although modern global humanitarianism emerged during the world wars, it is often studied in a Euro-centric framework that does not engage the conflicts' globality. The effects of humanitarianism during the Second World War look toward the post-1945 era with not enough reflection on the pre-1945 history of humanitarianism. Thus, what is needed is a critical history beyond moralizing, bringing synchronic and diachronic expansion to study questions of continuity and change. A global history of religious humanitarianism during both world wars places faith-based humanitarianism on a spectrum of belief and unbelief.
The Poetics of Performance Diagrams

The Poetics of Performance Diagrams
  • Andrej Mirčev
  • Published online:
    05 June 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element considers the concept of performance diagrams and shows their historical, epistemic and aesthetic functions in theatre and dance. In three sections, the author surveys the architectural model of theatre by Vitruvius, the woodcut of Marlow's Doctor Faustus, Aby Warburg's Mnemosyne-Atlas, the spells and drawings of Antonin Artaud, the performance Paradise Now (the Living Theatre) and the choreography I am 1984 (Barbara Matijević). Demonstrating that diagrams can be applied to multiply dramaturgical trajectories, the text reviews their relevance for performance-making, analysis and documentation. The author argues that diagrams provide new tools for theory, practice and archiving, while at the same time enabling reflection on the intersections between poetics and politics. Focusing on the potentiality of diagrams to cut through representation and dichotomies, this Element affirms the visual, corporeal and spatial dimensions of performance-making. In doing so, it elucidates the significance of diagrammatic thinking for performance studies.
Clean Break Theatre Company

Clean Break Theatre Company
  • Caoimhe McAvinchey, Sarah Bartley, Deborah Dean, Anne-marie Greene
  • Published online:
    05 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
  • Clean Break Theatre Company is a women-only theatre company that grew out of a prisoner-led drama workshop that took place between 1977–1979 in HMP Askham Grange. In addition to its considerable impact on criminalised women and public understandings of the socio-political impact of their experiences, Clean Break has had a significant but under-acknowledged impact on contemporary British theatre. We examine three areas of Clean Break's theatre making history and organisational practices: its origin stories; its education and engagement work; and how the company's performance practices have, across five decades, 'then' and 'now', adapted to directly intervene in carceral society. By highlighting Clean Break's distinct activist theatre making processes and practices, the book makes explicit the genealogical connections of the company's past work and its impacts on contemporary feminist theatre practices.
Women Making Shakespeare in the Twenty-First Century

Women Making Shakespeare in the Twenty-First Century
  • Kim Solga
  • Published online:
    05 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
  • This Element examines why women makers from equity-owed communities (Indigenous, of colour, Deaf, disabled, trans and non-binary communities among others) choose to work with Shakespeare and his contemporaries at a moment in time when theatres around the world are striving toward equity, inclusion, diversity, and decolonization. It details and explores these creators' processes to learn from them about how to transform plays we know all too well as patriarchy-affirming, ableist, and often racist into vehicles for community storytelling and models for radically inclusive and difference-centred ways of making.
The Production of Entheogenic Communities in the United States

The Production of Entheogenic Communities in the United States
  • Brad Stoddard
  • Published online:
    05 June 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • The rise of entheogenic religion – that is, religions that involve the use of psychoactive drugs – has captured the attention of scholars and journalists. These studies tend to advance the interests of practitioners who advocate for the legitimacy of entheogens and of entheogenic religion more broadly. This Element breaks with these approaches as it offers a historical and critical analysis of entheogenic communities. It examines the production of entheogenic groups in the United States and considers the historical factors that have contributed to the rise in psychedelics more broadly. It also explores legal considerations and the impact of the law as a curator of entheogenic communities. This Element recognizes that these communities – like all imagined communities – are culturally conditioned, socially constructed, and historically contingent. By exploring these contingencies, we learn more about the broader sociocultural, historical, and economic frameworks that underlie the burgeoning association of psychoactive substances and religion.
Design Creativity

Design Creativity
  • Gyuchan Thomas Jun, Sue Hignett, P. John Clarkson
  • Published online:
    04 June 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
    • Element
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  • Design creativity describes the process by which needs are explored and translated into requirements for change. This Element examines the role of design creativity within the context of healthcare improvement. It begins by outlining the characteristics of design thinking, and the key status of the Double Diamond Model. It provides practical tools to support design creativity, including ethnographic/observational studies, personas and scenarios, and needs identification and requirements analysis. It also covers brainstorming, Disney, and six thinking hats techniques, the nine windows technique, morphological charts and product architecting, and concept evaluation. The tools, covering all stages of the Double Diamond model, are supported by examples of their use in healthcare improvement. The Element concludes with a critique of design creativity and the evidence for its application in healthcare improvement. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Capacity, Informed Consent and Third-Party Decision-Making

Capacity, Informed Consent and Third-Party Decision-Making
  • Jacob M. Appel
  • Published online:
    03 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
  • This Element examines three related topics in the field of bioethics that arise frequently both in clinical care and in medico-legal settings: capacity, informed consent, and third-party decision-making. All three of these subjects have been shaped significantly by the shift from the paternalistic models of care that dominated medicine in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain prior to the 1960s to the present models that privilege patient autonomy. Each section traces the history of one of these topics and then explores the major ethics issues that arise as these issues are addressed in contemporary clinical practice, paying particular attention to the role that structural factors such as bias and social capital play in their use. In addition, the volume also discusses recent innovations and proposals for reform that may shape these subjects in the future in response both to technological advances and changes in societal priorities.
Cultural Selection

Cultural Selection
  • Tim Lewens
  • Published online:
    03 June 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Humans learn in ways that are influenced by others. As a result, cultural items of many types are elaborated over time in ways that build on the achievements of previous generations. Culture therefore shows a pattern of descent with modification reminiscent of Darwinian evolution. This raises the question of whether cultural selection-a mechanism akin to natural selection, albeit working when learned items are passed from demonstrators to observers-can explain how various practices are refined over time. This Element argues that cultural selection is not necessary for the explanation of cultural adaptation; it shows how to build hybrid explanations that draw on aspects of cultural selection and cultural attraction theory; it shows how cultural reproduction makes problems for highly formalised approaches to cultural selection; and it uses a case-study to demonstrate the importance of human agency for cumulative cultural adaptation.
Abductive Reasoning in Science

Abductive Reasoning in Science
  • Finnur Dellsén
  • Published online:
    03 June 2024
    Print publication:
    17 October 2024
    • Element
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  • In abductive reasoning, scientific theories are evaluated on the basis of how well they would explain the available evidence. There are a number of subtly different accounts of this type of reasoning, most of which are inspired by the popular slogan 'Inference to the Best Explanation.' However, these accounts disagree about exactly how to spell out the slogan so as to avoid various problems for abductive reasoning. This Element aims, firstly, to give an opinionated overview both of the many accounts of abductive reasoning that have been proposed and the problems that have motivated them; and, secondly, to critically evaluate these accounts in a way that points toward a systematic view of the nature and purpose of abductive reasoning in science. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Inside the IPCC

Inside the IPCC
  • How Assessment Practices Shape Climate Knowledge
  • Jessica Leigh O'Reilly, Mark Vardy, Kari De Pryck, Marcela da S. Feital Benedetti
  • Published online:
    03 June 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
    • Element
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  • Inside the IPCC explores the institution of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) by focusing on people's experiences as authors. While the budget and overall population of an IPCC report cycle is small, its influence on public views of climate change is outsized. Inside the IPCC analyzes the social and human sides of IPCC report writing, as a complement to understanding the authoritative reports that underwrite policy decisions at many scales of governance. This study shows how the IPCC's social and human dimension is in fact the main strength, but also the main challenge facing the organization, but also the main challenge facing the organziation. By stepping back to reveal what goes into the making of climate science assessments, Inside the IPCC aims to help people develop a more realistic, and thus, more actionable, understanding of climate change and the solutions to deal with it. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
A Historical Ethnography of the Enga Economy of Papua New Guinea

A Historical Ethnography of the Enga Economy of Papua New Guinea
  • Polly Wiessner, Akii Tumu, Nitze Pupu
  • Published online:
    31 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • The question addressed in this Element is: What happens to a society when, in the absence of influence from foreign populations, constraints are released by a new crop making possible significant surplus production? We will draw on the historical traditions of 110 tribes of the Enga of Papua New Guinea recorded over a decade to document the changes that occurred in response to the potential for surplus production after the arrival of the sweet potato some 350 years prior to contact with Europeans. Economic change alone does not restructure a society nor build the social and political scaffolding for new institutions. In response to rapid change, the Enga drew on rituals that altered norms and values and resolved cultural contradictions that inhibited cooperation to bring about complexity rather than chaos. The end result was the development of one of the largest known ceremonial exchange systems prior to state formation.
James Buchanan and Peaceful Cooperation

James Buchanan and Peaceful Cooperation
  • From Public Finance to a Theory of Collective Action
  • Alain Marciano
  • Published online:
    31 May 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
  • Buchanan believed that individuals are fundamentally willing to cooperate with others. It was at the center of his works in public finance in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and also crucial to his work in public choice in the 1960s. The purpose of this book is to show which forms this belief took over these two decades or so, and to explain the continuity between these forms. We adopt a historical approach that allows us to recount the story of how Buchanan came to develop a theory of collective action, including his conception of cooperation in small groups, to implement a technical condition about the pricing of public goods he defended early in his career. We describe the different steps Buchanan took, the encounters that influenced him, and the events and challenges that led him to revise his views to make room for this fundamental philosophical conviction.
Ethical Leadership in Conflict and Crisis

Ethical Leadership in Conflict and Crisis
  • Evidence from Leaders on How to Make More Peaceful, Sustainable, and Profitable Communities
  • Jason Miklian, John E. Katsos
  • Published online:
    31 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 March 2025
    • Element
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  • How can business leaders navigate through a world of polycrisis? This work delivers blends blending historical lessons, firsthand accounts, and ethical perspectives on crisis to fill a key gap in our understandings of effective, ethical leadership through settings of crisis, conflict and/or fragility situations. Pulling from historical events and contemporary research, the book looks past individual crises and explores a world of overlapping, permanent crises, or 'polycrisis.' It contrasts traditional leadership responses with values of community and authenticity, emphasizing the necessity of ethical and servant leadership attributes when conventional business strategies fail. This work offers insights for anyone interested in understanding and navigating the complex landscape of crisis. strategizes enduring leadership for constant crises. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Anthropological Archaeology Underwater

Anthropological Archaeology Underwater
  • Ashley Lemke
  • Published online:
    30 May 2024
    Print publication:
    31 October 2024
  • Anthropological archaeology underwater is a new field. What type of research is this and how do anthropologists go about it? When most people hear the phrase 'underwater archaeology', they think of shipwrecks and dramatic images of lost ships at sea, but the underwater archaeological record is vast. In addition to historic vessels, water preserves some of the oldest landscapes on the planet. While archaeologists are interested in the past, those working underwater apply the latest technologies to provide fresh understandings about ancient human behaviour. Underwater environments provide preservation that is unmatched on land and therefore the data collected is novel – providing information about human lifeways and creating a picture of the past we would otherwise never see. This Element will explore the world of anthropological archaeology underwater, focusing on submerged sites, and review the techniques, data, and theoretical perspectives which are offering new insights into the human story.
Reading with the Burneys

Reading with the Burneys
  • Patronage, Paratext, and Performance
  • Sophie Coulombeau
  • Published online:
    30 May 2024
    Print publication:
    27 June 2024
    • Element
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      • Open access
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  • This Element offers a multidimensional study of reading practice and sibling rivalry in late eighteenth-century Britain. The case study is the Aberdeen student and disgraced thief Charles Burney's treatment of Evelina (1778), the debut novel of his sister Frances Burney. Coulombeau uses Charles's manuscript poetry, letters, and marginalia, alongside illustrative prints and circulating library archives, to tell the story of how he attempted to control Evelina's reception in an effort to bolster his own socio-literary status. Uniting approaches drawn from literary studies, biography, bibliography, and the history of the book, the Element enriches scholarly understanding of the reception of Frances Burney's fiction, with broader implications for studies of gender, class, kinship and reading in this period. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Evolution of Authoritarianism and Contentious Action in Russia

The Evolution of Authoritarianism and Contentious Action in Russia
  • Bogdan Mamaev
  • Published online:
    30 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element examines the evolution of authoritarianism in Russia from 2011 to 2023, focusing on its impact on contentious action. It argues that the primary determinant of contention, at both federal and regional levels, is authoritarian innovation characterized by reactive and proactive repression. Drawing on Russian legislation, reports from human rights organizations, media coverage, and a novel dataset of contentious events created from user-generated reports on Twitter using computational techniques, this Element contributes to the understanding of contentious politics in authoritarian regimes, underscoring the role of authoritarianism and its innovative responses in shaping contentious action.
Language Teachers' Social Cognition

Language Teachers' Social Cognition
  • Hao Xu
  • Published online:
    29 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element aims to elucidate the theories of social cognition and to delineate their implications for the professional development of language teachers in primary and secondary schools. We first explore the concept of social cognition. The three key dimensions, that is, representation of social reality, social cognitive processing, and social mental abilities, of the social cognition theories are further elaborated with examples closely associated with language teaching and teacher development. We continue with more specific issues such as impression, attitude, emotion, and self-efficacy, which arise and develop as language teachers code, store, and retrieve information from social situations. We then discuss how social cognition influences teacher learning and development as observed and promoted within different social realities, and we end this Element with a call for a social-cognitive perspective on understanding language teachers' learning and development situated in diverse and changing contexts in and out of schools.
Kant on Self-Control

Kant on Self-Control
  • Marijana Vujošević
  • Published online:
    28 May 2024
    Print publication:
    20 June 2024
  • This Element considers Kant's conception of self-control and the role it plays in his moral philosophy. It offers a detailed interpretation of the different terms used by Kant to explain the phenomenon of moral self-control, such as 'autocracy' and 'inner freedom'. Following Kant's own suggestions, the proposed reading examines the Kantian capacity for self-control as an ability to 'abstract from' various sensible impressions by looking beyond their influence on the mind. This analysis shows that Kant's conception of moral self-control involves two intimately related levels, which need not meet the same criteria. One level is associated with realizing various ends, the other with setting moral ends. The proposed view most effectively accommodates self-control's role in the adoption of virtuous maxims and ethical end-setting. It explains why self-control is central to Kant's conception of virtue and sheds new light on his discussions of moral strength and moral weakness.

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