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2112 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 56 of 106

Strategizing AI in Business and Education

Strategizing AI in Business and Education
  • Emerging Technologies and Business Strategy
  • Aleksandra Przegalinska, Dariusz Jemielniak
  • Published online:
    21 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • This Element proposes a clear and up-to-date description of the state of artificial intelligence today, not only in terms of business processes and strategies, but also its societal reception. It presents our view of the technology landscape, avoiding both the forward-looking, rose-colored utopia and the hyper-apocalyptic gloom. It does so in a concise form, addressing a complex issue in 9 concise and easy-to-read chapters. It aims to discuss the current state of machine learning and AI in strategic management, and to describe the emerging technologies. It conceptualizes their adoption, and then consider the effects of AI technologies' maturity in business organizations.
Machine Learning for Experiments in the Social Sciences

Machine Learning for Experiments in the Social Sciences
  • Jon Green, Mark H. White, II
  • Published online:
    21 March 2023
    Print publication:
    13 April 2023
  • Causal inference and machine learning are typically introduced in the social sciences separately as theoretically distinct methodological traditions. However, applications of machine learning in causal inference are increasingly prevalent. This Element provides theoretical and practical introductions to machine learning for social scientists interested in applying such methods to experimental data. We show how machine learning can be useful for conducting robust causal inference and provide a theoretical foundation researchers can use to understand and apply new methods in this rapidly developing field. We then demonstrate two specific methods – the prediction rule ensemble and the causal random forest – for characterizing treatment effect heterogeneity in survey experiments and testing the extent to which such heterogeneity is robust to out-of-sample prediction. We conclude by discussing limitations and tradeoffs of such methods, while directing readers to additional related methods available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
Peace in Digital International Relations

Peace in Digital International Relations
  • Prospects and Limitations
  • Oliver P. Richmond, Gëzim Visoka, Ioannis Tellidis
  • Published online:
    21 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • The international architecture of peacebuilding and statebuilding is currently responding to a shift from 'analogue' to 'digital' approaches in international relations. This is affecting conflict management, intervention, peacebuilding, and the all-important role of civil society. This Element analyses the potential that these new digital forms of international relations offer for the reform of peace praxis – namely, the enhancement of critical agency across networks and scales, the expansion of claims for rights and the mitigation of obstacles posed by sovereignty, locality, and territoriality. The Element also addresses the parallel limitations of digital technologies in terms of political emancipation related to subaltern claims, the risk of co-optation by historical and analogue power structures, institutions, and actors. We conclude that though aspects of emerging digital approaches to making peace are promising, they cannot yet bypass or resolve older, analogue conflict dynamics revolving around power-relations, territorialism, and state formation.
Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies

Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies
  • Mathew Gillings, Gerlinde Mautner, Paul Baker
  • Published online:
    20 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • The breadth and spread of corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) indicate its usefulness for exploring language use within a social context. However, its theoretical foundations, limitations, and epistemological implications must be considered so that we can adjust our research designs accordingly. This Element offers a compact guide to which corpus linguistic tools are available and how they can contribute to finding out more about discourse. It will appeal to researchers both new and experienced, within the CADS community and beyond.
The Dual Nature of Multilateral Development Banks

The Dual Nature of Multilateral Development Banks
  • Balancing Development and Financial Logics
  • Laura Francesca Peitz
  • Published online:
    20 March 2023
    Print publication:
    06 April 2023
  • This Element offers a novel, highly relevant perspective towards Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), which are development and financial organizations at the same time. Based on the elaborate institutional logics perspective borrowed from organizational sociology, it uncovers the complex trade-offs between financial and development pressures faced by MDBs and explains variation in organizational responses thereto across types of MDBs. The argument is tested with an original dataset using Data Envelopment Analysis to explain variation in response patterns across MDBs. The analysis shows that lending to the private sector as well as being predominantly owned by borrowing members increase MDBs' emphasis on the financial at the expense of the development nature. Thereby, this Element provides unique insights into MDBs' responses to their dual nature and significantly advances our understanding of MDB lending operations, drawing attention to the complexities involved in the unique MDB business model.
This Will Not Be Generative

This Will Not Be Generative
  • Dixa Ramírez-D'Oleo
  • Published online:
    17 March 2023
    Print publication:
    25 May 2023
  • This Will Not Be Generative attends to the semiotics of ecological writings via Caribbean literary studies and black critical theory. Closely reading texts by Donna Haraway, Monique Allewaert, and Lisa Wells, it exposes how the language of tentacles and tendrils, an assumptive 'we,' and redemptive sympathy or 'care' disguises extraction from black people and blackness. This often speculative rhetoric, abetted by fantasies of white communion with indigenous groups, contrasts with the horror semiotics of the films Get Out (2017) and Midsommar (2019), which unmask the antagonistic relationship between white survival 'at the end of the world' and blackness as compost.
Entailment, Contradiction, and Christian Theism

Entailment, Contradiction, and Christian Theism
  • Jc Beall, Michael DeVito
  • Published online:
    14 March 2023
    Print publication:
    30 March 2023
  • Apparent contradiction is common in traditional monotheism, and perhaps especially so in standard Christian theology given central doctrines such as the incarnation and trinity. This Element aims to chart out a very elementary but abstract framework through which such contradictions may be approached. This Element does not attempt to address the many options for thinking about contradictions in the face of logical entailment; it charts only a few salient abstract options.
Science-Engaged Theology

Science-Engaged Theology
  • John Perry, Joanna Leidenhag
  • Published online:
    13 March 2023
    Print publication:
    15 June 2023
    • Element
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  • This Element presents science-engaged theology as a reminder to theologians to use the local tools and products of the sciences as sources for theological reflection. Using critiques of modernity and secularism, the Element questions the idea that Science and Religion were ever transhistorical categories. The Element also encourages theologians to collaborate with colleagues in other disciplines in a highly localised manner that enables theologians to make concrete claims with accountability and show how theological realities are entangled with the empirical world. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Theatre History, Attribution Studies, and the Question of Evidence

Theatre History, Attribution Studies, and the Question of Evidence
  • Holger Schott Syme
  • Published online:
    13 March 2023
    Print publication:
    29 June 2023
  • Over the past decade, attribution scholars have come to a consensus that Shakespeare wrote some of the additions printed in the 1602 quarto of Kyd's Spanish Tragedy. This new development in textual studies has far-reaching consequences for established theatre-historical narratives. Accounting for Shakespeare's involvement in The Spanish Tragedy requires us to rethink the history of two major theatre companies, the Admiral's and the Chamberlain's Men, and to reread much of the documentary record of late Elizabethan theatre. Modelling what a theatre-historical response to new attributionist arguments might look like, the author offers an in-depth reinterpretation of Philip Henslowe's records of new plays, develops a novel account of how theatre companies copied and adapted plays in one another's repertories (including a reconsideration of the 'Ur-Hamlet' and the two Shrew plays), and reconstructs an early modern cluster of Hieronimo plays that also allows us to reimagine Ben Jonson's career as an actor.
Shakespeare, Malone and the Problems of Chronology

Shakespeare, Malone and the Problems of Chronology
  • Tiffany Stern
  • Published online:
    10 March 2023
    Print publication:
    29 June 2023
  • In 1778 Edmond Malone published his first contribution to Shakespeare scholarship, An Attempt to Ascertain the Order in which the Plays Attributed to Shakspeare were Written. He revised and republished it in 1790 and began a further revision of it which was printed posthumously in 1821. This Element will be on the three versions of Malone's Attempt and the way they created, shaped, focused, directed, and misdirected, our idea of the chronology and sequence of Shakespeare's plays. By showing Malone's impressive, fallible choices, adopted or adapted by later editors, it reveals how current Shakespeare editions are, in good and bad ways, Malonian at heart.
Grammatical Encoding for Speech Production

Grammatical Encoding for Speech Production
  • Linda Ruth Wheeldon, Agnieszka Konopka
  • Published online:
    10 March 2023
    Print publication:
    30 March 2023
    • Element
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      • Open access
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  • During the production of spoken sentences, the linearisation of a 'thought' is accomplished via the process of grammatical encoding, i.e., the building of a hierarchical syntactic frame that fixes the linear order of lexical concepts. While much research has demonstrated the independence of lexical and syntactic representations, exactly what is represented remains a matter of dispute. Moreover, theories differ in terms of whether words or syntax drive grammatical encoding. This debate is also central to theories of the time-course of grammatical encoding. Speaking is usually a rapid process in which articulation begins before an utterance has been entirely planned. Current theories of grammatical encoding make different claims about the scope of grammatical encoding prior to utterance onset, and the degree to which planning scope is determined by linguistic structure or by cognitive factors. The authors review current theories of grammatical encoding and evaluate them in light of relevant empirical evidence. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Kant's Late Philosophy of Nature

Kant's Late Philosophy of Nature
  • The Opus postumum
  • Stephen Howard
  • Published online:
    09 March 2023
    Print publication:
    30 March 2023
  • Kant's final drafts, known as his Opus postumum, attempt to make what he calls a 'transition from the metaphysical foundations of natural science to physics.' Interpreters broadly agree that in this project Kant seeks to connect the general a priori principles of natural science, as set out in the major critical works, to the specific results of empirical physics. Beyond this, however, basic interpretative issues remain controversial. This Element outlines a framework that aims to combine the systematic ambition of early twentieth-century readings with the rigor of more recent studies. The author argues that a question that has animated much recent scholarship – which 'gap' in Kant's previous philosophy does the Opus postumum seek to fill? – can be profitably set aside. In its place, renewed attention should be given to a crucial part of the manuscript, fascicles X/XI, and to the problematic 'arrival point' of the transition, namely, Kant's question: What is physics?
Evolutionary Game Theory

Evolutionary Game Theory
  • J. McKenzie Alexander
  • Published online:
    07 March 2023
    Print publication:
    23 March 2023
  • Evolutionary game theory originated in population biology from the realisation that frequency-dependent fitness introduced a strategic element into evolution. Since its development, evolutionary game theory has been adopted by many social scientists, and philosophers, to analyse interdependent decision problems played by boundedly rational individuals. Its study has led to theoretical innovations of great interest for the biological and social sciences. For example, theorists have developed a number of dynamical models which can be used to study how populations of interacting individuals change their behaviours over time. In this introduction, this Element covers the two main approaches to evolutionary game theory: the static analysis of evolutionary stability concepts, and the study of dynamical models, their convergence behaviour and rest points. This Element also explores the many fascinating, and complex, connections between the two approaches.
Strategy-In-Practices

Strategy-In-Practices
  • A Process-Philosophical Perspective on Strategy-Making
  • Robert C. H. Chia, David Mackay
  • Published online:
    06 March 2023
    Print publication:
    23 March 2023
  • This Element maintains that increasing strategic effectiveness involves paying greater attention to the idiosyncratic capabilities and know-how already accumulated in an organization's shared practices and the modus operandi contained therein. An organization's modus operandi describes the practiced patterned regularities that enables it to achieve a consistency of response in strategic circumstances even in the absence of any clear, formalized strategic plan. This patterned regularity known as Strategy-in-Practices (SiP) draws attention to the tacit influence of an organization's shared practices on its formal strategy-making efforts. It emphasizes the need for both these to be aligned so that the organization is better prepared to cope with the challenges and opportunities it faces.
Strategy-Making and Organizational Evolution

Strategy-Making and Organizational Evolution
  • A Managerial Agency Perspective
  • Robert Alexander Burgelman, Yuliya Snihur, Llewellyn Douglas William Thomas
  • Published online:
    06 March 2023
    Print publication:
    23 March 2023
  • This Element presents several frameworks of strategy-making that serve to analyze organizational evolution processes within and beyond the firm. These frameworks form an integrated evolutionary ecological lens to examine the dynamics of strategy-making in organizational evolution. They highlight the role of the internal selection environment for analyzing processes and practices at various managerial levels (top, middle, and operational) within the organization. The Element also explains the role of the CEO in maintaining and updating the internal selection environment and contributing to organizational evolution, as well as making. fundamental decisions about organizational splits of the firm's business models as an ecosystem evolves.
The Creative Response

The Creative Response
  • Knowledge and Innovation
  • Cristiano Antonelli, Alessandra Colombelli
  • Published online:
    04 March 2023
    Print publication:
    16 March 2023
  • This Element combines the advances of the economics of knowledge and innovation implementing the Schumpeterian notion of creative response to understand the determinants and the effects of the rate and direction of technological and organizational change and its variance across time and space, firms, and industries. The notion of creative response provides an inclusive framework that enables to highlight the crucial role of knowledge in assessing the rate and direction of technological change and to clarify that no innovation is possible without the generation of new knowledge, while the generation of new knowledge augments the chances of innovation but does not automatically yield the introduction of innovation. Firms thus are faced with several strategic decisions to make the creative response possible. The Element elaborates on the analytical core of the notion of creative response and articulates its implications for economic policy and strategic management.
Forensic Linguistics in the Philippines

Forensic Linguistics in the Philippines
  • Origins, Developments, and Directions
  • Marilu Rañosa-Madrunio, Isabel Pefianco Martin
  • Published online:
    03 March 2023
    Print publication:
    23 March 2023
  • This Element offers a critical review of forensic linguistic studies in the Philippines. The studies within, collected over a period of eight to nine years, reveal relevant themes from texts in courtroom proceedings, legal writings, and police investigations. The studies also delve into issues of language choice and language policy. The Element begins with a description of language policy in the Philippines, focusing specifically on language in the legal domain. The main body of the Element is the critical review of Philippine forensic linguistics studies. This critical review takes a sociolinguistic stance, in that issues of language and law are discussed from the lens of social meanings and social practice. From this critical review of forensic linguistics studies, the authors hope to chart future directions for forensic linguistic studies and research in the Philippines.
Reading Spaces in Modern Japan

Reading Spaces in Modern Japan
  • The Evolution of Sites and Practices of Reading
  • Andrew T. Kamei-Dyche
  • Published online:
    03 March 2023
    Print publication:
    16 March 2023
  • This study provides an accessible overview of the range of reading spaces in modern Japan, and the evolution thereof from a historical perspective. After setting the scene in a short introduction, it examines the development of Kanda-Jinbōchō, the area of Tokyo that has remained for a century the location in Japan most bound up with books and print culture. It then considers the transformation of public reading spaces, explaining how socio-economic factors and changing notions of space informed reading practices from the early modern era to the present. This led, in turn, to changes in bookstores, libraries, and other venues. Finally, it briefly considers the nature and impact of virtual reading spaces, such as the representation of reading and reading spaces in popular culture, and new modes of reading mediated by the digital realm as well as the multifaceted relationship between these and older forms of reading practice.
Islam and Science

Islam and Science
  • Past, Present, and Future Debates
  • Nidhal Guessoum, Stefano Bigliardi
  • Published online:
    03 March 2023
    Print publication:
    23 March 2023
  • This first Element in the series Islam and the Sciences is introductory and aims to give readers a general overview of the wide and rich scope of interactions of Islam with the sciences, including past disputes, current challenges, and future outlooks. The Element introduces the main voices and schools of thought, adopting a historical approach to show the evolution of the debates: Khan's naturalism, al-Jisr's hermeneutics, Abduh's modernist Islam, Nasr's perennialist and sacred science, al-Attas's Islamic science, Sardar and the Ijmalis' ethical science, al-Faruqi's Islamization of knowledge/science, Bucaille's and El-Naggar's 'miraculous scientific content in the Qur'an,' Abdus Salam's universal science, Hoodbhoy's and Edis's secularism, and the harmonization of the 'new generation.' The Element also maps out new and emerging topics that are beginning to reignite the debates, before a concluding section examines how issues of Islam and Science are playing out in the media, in public discourse and in education.
Laws of Nature

Laws of Nature
  • Tyler Hildebrand
  • Published online:
    01 March 2023
    Print publication:
    16 March 2023
  • This Element provides an opinionated introduction to the metaphysics of laws of nature. The first section distinguishes between scientific and philosophical questions about laws and describes some criteria for a philosophical account of laws. Subsequent sections explore the leading philosophical theories in detail, reviewing the most influential arguments in the literature. The final few sections assess the state of the field and suggest avenues for future research.

Page 56 of 106