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2112 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 68 of 106

Persistence

Persistence
  • Kristie Miller
  • Published online:
    01 August 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • Persistence realism is the view that ordinary sentences that we think and utter about persisting objects are often true. Persistence realism involves both a semantic claim, about what it would take for those sentences to be true, and an ontological claim about the way things are. According to persistence realism, given what it would take for persistence sentences to be true, and given the ontology of our world, often such sentences are true. According to persistence error-theory, they are not. This Element considers several different views about the conditions under which those sentences are true. It argues for a view on which it is relatively easy to vindicate persistence realism, because all it takes is for the world to be the way it seems to us. Thereby it argues for the view that relations of numerical identity, or of being-part-of-the-same-object, are neither necessary nor sufficient for persistence realism.
The Distributive Politics of Environmental Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean

The Distributive Politics of Environmental Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • Isabella Alcañiz, Ricardo A. Gutiérrez
  • Published online:
    01 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • The study of environmental politics in Latin America and the Caribbean expands as conflicts stemming from the deterioration of the natural world increase. Yet this scholarship has not generated a broad research agenda similar to the ones that emerged around other key political phenomena. This Element seeks to address the lack of a comprehensive research agenda in Latin American and Caribbean environmental politics and helps integrate the existing, disparate literatures. Drawing from distributive politics, this Element asks who benefits from the appropriation and pollution of the environment, who pays the costs of climate change and environmental degradation, and who gains from the allocation of state protections.
The Hidden Tier of Social Services

The Hidden Tier of Social Services
  • Frontline Workers' Provision of Informal Resources in the Public, Nonprofit, and Private Sectors
  • Einat Lavee
  • Published online:
    01 August 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • What do frontline social service providers do during client interactions when they lack adequate formal organizational resources to respond to clients' needs? To answer this question, this Element presents two large-scale qualitative studies of Israeli frontline providers of social services. Drawing on interviews of public-sector workers (Study 1, N=214), it introduces a widespread phenomenon, where the vast majority of frontline workers regularly provide a large range of informal personal resources (IFRs) to clients. Study 2 (N=84) then compares IFR provision between workers from the public, nonprofit and private sectors. The comparative analysis demonstrates how workers' rationale for providing personal resources to clients is shaped by particular role perceptions embedded in values, norms and behavioral expectations that vary by employment sector. The Element concludes by presenting ramifications of the phenomenon of IFR provision in terms of citizens' wellbeing, social inequality, gender relations and the future of work in public administration.
The Emerging Economies under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

The Emerging Economies under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
  • Mark Esposito, Amit Kapoor
  • Published online:
    28 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is reshaping the globe at a rate far quicker than earlier revolutions. It is also having a greater influence on society and industry. We are currently witnessing extraordinary technology such as self-driving cars and 3D printing, as well as robots that can follow exact instructions. And hitherto unconnected sectors are combining to achieve unfathomable effects. It is critical to comprehend this new era of technology since it will significantly alter life during the next several years in this age of technological advancement. In particular, one of the most significant findings is that 4IR technologies must be used responsibly and to benefit people, companies and countries as a whole; as a result, the development of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and robotics systems will be advanced most effectively by grouping a multidisciplinary team from areas such as computer science, education and social sciences.
Hong Kong

Hong Kong
  • Global China's Restive Frontier
  • Ching Kwan Lee
  • Published online:
    27 July 2022
    Print publication:
    08 September 2022
    • Element
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  • How did Hong Kong transform itself from a 'shoppers' and capitalists' paradise' into a 'city of protests' at the frontline of a global anti-China backlash? CK Lee situates the post-1997 China–Hong Kong contestation in the broader context of 'global China.' Beijing deploys a bundle of power mechanisms – economic statecraft, patron-clientelism, and symbolic domination – around the world, including Hong Kong. This Chinese power project triggers a variety of countermovements from Asia to Africa, ranging from acquiescence and adaptation to appropriation and resistance. In Hong Kong, reactions against the totality of Chinese power have taken the form of eventful protests, which, over two decades, have broadened into a momentous decolonization struggle. More than an ideological conflict between a liberal capitalist democratizing city and its Communist authoritarian sovereign, the Hong Kong story, stunning and singular in its many peculiarities, offers lessons about China as a global force. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Autobiographical Memory and Narrative in Childhood

Autobiographical Memory and Narrative in Childhood
  • Robyn Fivush
  • Published online:
    26 July 2022
    Print publication:
    18 August 2022
  • This Element delineates how the narrative expression of autobiographical memory develops through everyday interactions that frame the forms and functions of autobiographical remembering. Narratives are both outward and inward facing, providing the interface between how we perceive the world and how we perceive ourselves. Thus narratives are the pivot point where self and culture meet. To make this argument, the author brings together literature from multiple perspectives, including cognitive, personality, evolutionary, cultural, and developmental psychology. To fully understand autobiographical memory, it must be understood how it functions in the context of lives lived in complex sociocultural contexts.
Paraconsistency in Mathematics

Paraconsistency in Mathematics
  • Zach Weber
  • Published online:
    25 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • Paraconsistent logic makes it possible to study inconsistent theories in a coherent way. From its modern start in the mid-20th century, paraconsistency was intended for use in mathematics, providing a rigorous framework for describing abstract objects and structures where some contradictions are allowed, without collapse into incoherence. Over the past decades, this initiative has evolved into an area of non-classical mathematics known as inconsistent or paraconsistent mathematics. This Element provides a selective introductory survey of this research program, distinguishing between `moderate' and `radical' approaches. The emphasis is on philosophical issues and future challenges.
Actual Fictions

Actual Fictions
  • Literary Representation and Character Network Analysis
  • Roel Smeets
  • Published online:
    23 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • This Element sheds a new light on the ubiquitous yet complex notion of mimesis. By systematically comparing the social dynamics of the Dutch population at a given time with the social dynamics of characters in Dutch literary fiction published in the same period, it aims to pinpoint the ways in and the extent with which literary fiction either mirrors or shapes the societal context from which it emerged. While close-reading-based scholarship on this topic has been limited to qualitative interpretations of allegedly exemplary works, the present study uses the data-driven tools of social network analysis to systematically determine the imitative elements of the social dynamics of characters within larger-scale, representative collections of books of literary fiction.
Im Yunjidang

Im Yunjidang
  • Sungmoon Kim
  • Published online:
    22 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • This Element aims to critically examine the philosophical thought of Im Yunjidang 任允摯堂 (1721–93), a female Korean Neo-Confucian philosopher from the Chosŏn 朝鮮 dynasty (1392–1910), and to present her as a feminist thinker. Unlike most Korean women of her time, Yunjidang had the exceptional opportunity to be introduced to a major philosophical debate among Korean Neo-Confucians, which was focused on two core questions-whether sages and commoners share the same heart-mind, and whether the natures of human beings and animals are identical. In the course of engaging in this debate, she was able to reformulate Neo-Confucian metaphysics and ethics of moral self-cultivation, culminating in her bold ideas of the moral equality between men and women and the possibility of female sagehood. By proposing a 'stage-approach' to feminism that is also sensitive to the cultural context, this Element shows that Yunjidang's philosophical thought could be best captured in terms of Confucian feminism.
Peoples Temple and Jonestown in the Twenty-First Century

Peoples Temple and Jonestown in the Twenty-First Century
  • Rebecca Moore
  • Published online:
    22 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • The new religious movement of Peoples Temple, begun in the 1950s, came to a dramatic end with the mass murders and suicides that occurred in Jonestown, Guyana, in 1978. This analysis presents the historical context for understanding the Temple by focusing on the ways that migrations from Indiana to California and finally to the Cooperative Republic of Guyana shaped the life and thought of Temple members. It closely examines the religious beliefs, political philosophies, and economic commitments held by the group, and it shifts the traditional focus on the leader and founder, Jim Jones, to the individuals who made up the heart and soul of the movement. It also investigates the paradoxical role that race and racism played throughout the life of the Temple. The Element concludes by considering the ways in which Peoples Temple and the tragedy at Jonestown have entered the popular imagination and captured international attention.
The Modern City in Asia

The Modern City in Asia
  • Kristin Stapleton
  • Published online:
    22 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • Kristin Stapleton analyzes how concepts and practices associated with the 'modern city' were received, transformed, and contested in Asia over the past 150 years. In the early twentieth century, activists took advantage of the new significance of the city to pursue a wide variety of goals. Thus, the concept of the modern city played an important role in Asia, despite much critical commentary on the ideals associated with it. By the 1940s, the city yielded its political centrality to the nation. Still, modern cities remained an important marker of national achievement during the Cold War. In recent decades, cities have continued to play a central role in economic and cultural affairs in Asia, but the concept of the modern city has evolved. Asian ideas about urban governance and visions of future cities are significantly shaping that evolution.
Dynamic Capabilities

Dynamic Capabilities
  • History and an Extension
  • Bart Nooteboom
  • Published online:
    22 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • The development of salient ideas and publications on dynamic capabilities is given, extended by ideas outside the literature of strategic management. Dynamic capability is presented as an interdisciplinary subject to which knowledge is central. Diversity of knowledge is treated in terms of cognitive distance, limited through organisational focus. To deal with diversity, development and uncertainty, evolutionary theory and the notion of entropy are used. The relation between individual and organisational knowledge is modelled with the notion of a script and linguistic ideas. The governance of collaborative relations for innovation is discussed, including trust, which are also dynamic capabilities.
Translation as Experimentalism

Translation as Experimentalism
  • Exploring Play in Poetics
  • Tong King Lee
  • Published online:
    21 July 2022
    Print publication:
    28 July 2022
    • Element
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  • This Element argues for a perspective on literary translation based around the idea of ludification, using concrete poetry as a test case. Unlike rational-scientific models of translating, ludic translation downplays the linear transmission of meaning from one language into another. It foregrounds instead the open-ended, ergodic nature of translation, where the translator engages with and responds to an original work in an experimental and experiential manner. Focusing on memes rather than signs, ludic translation challenges us to adopt an oblique lens on literary texts and deploy verbal as well as nonverbal resources to add value to an original work. Such an approach is especially amenable to negotiating apparently untranslatable writing like concrete poems across languages, modes, and media. This Element questions assumptions about translatability and opens the discursive space of literary writing to transgressive articulation and multimodal performance. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Leading for Innovation

Leading for Innovation
  • Leadership Actions to Enhance Follower Creativity
  • Michael D. Mumford, Tanner R. Newbold, Mark Fichtel, Samantha England
  • Published online:
    21 July 2022
    Print publication:
    28 July 2022
  • Creativity, the generation of novel and useful ideas, and innovation, the transformation of these ideas into new products, processes, and services, are both critical for the long-term viability, profitability, and growth of organizations. Moreover, the complex, risky, and uncertain nature of innovative efforts demonstrates the importance of organizational leaders to effectively manage the innovative process. In this element, we discuss the role of leaders in effectively facilitating the creative problem-solving process that gives rise to innovative products, processes, and services. More specifically, we highlight the knowledge, skills, and behaviors needed to effectively lead across three integrated facets of this process-leading the people, leading the work, and leading the firm. This discussion promotes an understanding of how leaders manage those asked to engage in innovative efforts and, moreover, how leaders systematically integrate creative ideas within the organization to ensure the development and success of innovative products, processes, or services.
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood

Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
  • Mary Gauvain
  • Published online:
    21 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • This Element describes the main theories that guide contemporary research in cognitive development along with research discoveries in several important cognitive abilities: attention, language, social cognition, memory, metacognition and executive function, and problem solving and reasoning. Biological and social contributions are considered side-by-side, and cultural contributions are highlighted. As children participate in social interactions and learn to use cultural symbols and tools to organize and support their thinking, the behaviors and understandings of the social community and the culture more broadly become an integral part of children's thoughts and actions. Culture, the natural ecological setting or habitat of human beings, plays a significant role by providing support and direction for cognitive development. Without the capacity to learn socially, human cognition would be markedly different from what it is today.
Knowledge Strategies

Knowledge Strategies
  • Constantin Bratianu
  • Published online:
    21 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • Knowledge is a strategic resource of any organization and its deployment is critical in achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. Knowledge strategies were born at the intersection of strategic thinking and knowledge management. Strategic thinking is a mental process of understanding the future and, based on that understanding, of searching for practical ways of achieving a competitive advantage on the market. Strategic thinking is operating in the opportunity space of the organization. The book explains the strategizing process and presents the knowledge strategies as a result of that complex mental process. Organizations can design deliberate and emergent knowledge strategies, which can be integrated into the corporate vision and its strategies.
Roles of Justice in Bioethics

Roles of Justice in Bioethics
  • Matti Häyry
  • Published online:
    19 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
    • Element
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  • This Element traces the origins and development of bioethics, the principles and values involved in the discipline, and the roles of justice among these principles and values. The main tasks given to the concept of justice have since the late 1970s been nondiscrimination in research, prioritization in medical practice, and redistribution in healthcare. The Element argues that in a world challenged by planet-wide political and environmental threats this is not sufficient. The nature and meaning of justice has to be rethought. The Element does this by dissecting current bioethical approaches in the light of theories of justice as partly clashing interpretations of equality. The overall findings are twofold. Seen against the background of global concerns, justice in bioethics has become a silent guardian of economic sustainability. Seen against the same background, we should set our aims higher. Justice can, and must, be put to better use than it presently is. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Responsibility for Health

Responsibility for Health
  • Sven Ove Hansson
  • Published online:
    19 July 2022
    Print publication:
    11 August 2022
  • This Element offers a broad perspective on responsibility for health. This includes responsibilities in the prevention of disease and accidents, and in the creation of healthcare for all. The professional responsibilities of physicians and nurses are explored, and so are the responsibilities that we all have for our own health. Many of the central problems in healthcare ethics are discussed from a responsibility perspective, for instance paternalism, informed consent, evidence-based medicine, alternative medicine, and the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare. In order to perform this analysis, conceptual tools for responsibility analysis are provided, such as the distinction between blame responsibility and task responsibility and various notions of causality that are relevant for our understanding of responsibility.
Editing Fiction

Editing Fiction
  • Three Case Studies from Post-war Australia
  • Alice Grundy
  • Published online:
    15 July 2022
    Print publication:
    04 August 2022
  • Editing Fiction considers the collaborative efforts of literary production as well as editorial practice in its own right, using case studies by Australian novelists Jessica Anderson, Thea Astley and Ruth Park. An emphasis on collaboration is necessary because literary criticism often takes books as finite, discrete works rather than the result of multiple contributors, engaged to differing degrees. The editorial process always involves a negotiation over edits for the sake of the work, taking its potential reception or projected sales into account. Through examination of the archives, this Element shows that editing can be formative, limiting, commercially directed, a literary collaboration – or a mix of all these interventions. For editors and scholars alike, the Element examines practices of the recent past, seeking to determine the responsibilities of editors and publishers to authors, the text itself and to society; and the interrelation of editorial work, social conditions and market forces.
Harnessing Sovereign Wealth Funds in Emerging Economies toward Sustainable Development

Harnessing Sovereign Wealth Funds in Emerging Economies toward Sustainable Development
  • Mona Mostafa El-Sholkamy, Mohammad Habibur Rahman
  • Published online:
    15 July 2022
    Print publication:
    04 August 2022
  • Sovereign Wealth Funds are government investment vehicles that have been present for decades. They are usually characterized by minimum information disclosure, however, this situation differed after worldwide events shed light on the role they possess to mitigate their downturns. The substantial economic influence they bring along due to their size and long term impact have recently created an uproar of debate that eventually led to the ratification of the Santiago Principles. The Principles set the stage for governing SWFs' operations and grant them more clarity. They also contribute to a more stable environment for cross-border investment flows. With the importance of SWFs, emerging economies also rose as key institutional investors; only this time they called for harnessing their funds towards sustainable development investment strategies. Despite pressuring need to improve transparency and governance structures of SWFs in EMs, the former are regarded as promising means for achieving the sustainable development goals.

Page 68 of 106