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All language is, to a varying extent, poetic. Investigating the relationship between conversational and literary discourse illuminates the workings of conversation. Past research suggests the pervasiveness of repetition, and its significance in questioning prior theoretical and methodological assumptions. Repetition functions in production, comprehension, connection, and interaction. The congruence of these levels provides a fourth, over-arching function in coherence, which builds on and creates interpersonal involvement. Examples illustrate the pervasiveness, functions, and automatic nature of repetition in taped, transcribed conversation—supporting a view of discourse as relatively pre-patterned, rather than generated. Repetition is a resource by which speakers create a discourse, a relationship, and a world.
Syntactic change is viewed as a process that is critically dependent on the surface properties of language and essentially independent of grammatical derivations. In this framework, the genesis of the reflexive impersonal construction in Portuguese is shown to have no formal connection—not even a merely descriptive one—with the transformations of Agentization and Object Fronting that were involved in the derivation of its ancestor, the reflexive passive. Evidence from other sources supporting the surface framework is briefly discussed, and an explanation is offered for its validity in terms of the real-world circumstances under which language change occurs.
This paper indicates how sentence processing depends upon the active construction of a perspective, which is the way a speaker or a listener becomes actively involved in a sentence. For this reason, the perspective is usually the starting point of the sentence. A number of linguistic and psycholinguistic studies are reviewed in the light of this approach to sentence processing.
The punctuation (accent) system of the Masoretic Hebrew Bible contains a complete unlabeled binary phrase-structure analysis of every verse, based on a single parsing principle. The systems of punctuation, phrase structure, and parsing are each presented here in detail and contrasted with their counterparts in modern linguistics. The entire system is considered as the product of linguistic analysis, rather than as a linguistic system per se; and implications are drawn for the study of written language and writing systems.