In English testamentary history, there is a clear divide between Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman testamentary practice, with the primary difference being that in the latter case, heritable land could not be bequeathed. Once the transfer of land required the livery of seisin, a practice introduced during the reign of Henry II (1154–89), it was not possible for a gift of land to take effect upon the death of the owner, and the royal courts did not consider the intention to dispose of a tenement, as expressed in a will, sufficient in itself to complete the transfer. Nonetheless, an examination of extant wills from the period 1180–1300 demonstrates that some testators (or indeed beneficiaries) may have thought that bequests of land were possible or even enforceable. How do these wills fit into the legal framework of the time? If a bequest could not be enforced in the royal courts, what reasons might someone have for attempting to make one, and how might they try to ensure that the bequest held?

The aim of this Article is to present a natural generalisation of a well-known result from plane geometry, called Stewart's Theorem. We will present our result in the Euclidean space , but we will prove it only for n = 3. Since its proof for n > 3 is involved, our intention is to give the details in another Article. A search in the relative literature returns many articles which generalise Stewart's Theorem in different directions. We first refer the reader to [1], where a collection of generalisations of Stewart's theorem is presented. In [2], two results are given, which describe a relation between k points in the Euclidean space and their weighted average. If we apply these theorems to the plane, we straightforwardly get Stewart's Theorem. Another result is given in [3], which is also reproduced in [1]. This result considers n + 1 points in which belong to a hyperplane U of dimension n − 1 and another point A ∉ U , and presents an interesting relation that combines distances between each of these points and A, hypervolumes of simplices and powers of points with respect to hyperspheres. Another relative result which involves convex quadrilaterals on the plane is proved in [4]. Lastly, in [5], a generalisation of [4] is proved for 2k points in , and a relation is found between distances of these points and the distance of two corresponding averages (of these points). These articles support the fact that there can be many interesting generalisations of Stewart's Theorem in different directions.

Feeling rules are norms surrounding emotions, particularly emotional expressions in social contexts, and are a well-known aspect of human societies in both the past and present. As a subdiscipline, the history of emotions has found great profit in tracking changing feeling rules over time to better understand social formations. Emotional norms are culturally, geographically, and socially specific, providing coherence to communities or serving as instruments of distinction within them. Yet some historians have found a sole focus on the normative insufficient for grasping, in their entirety, the historical aspects of emotions and their specific functions. This special issue suggests some new ways to think about escaping the dualism of emotional norms and emotional experiences – or, put more broadly, of structure and subjectivity – without privileging either as the determining factor in shaping social relations. To show the interrelations between rules and experiences, we draw from sociological work on taste and social distinction, arguing that emotions become socially potent and drivers of historical change by being both means and objects of value judgments. This introduction provides an overview of feelings rules and emotional norms in the history of emotions, connects these to work in the sociology of taste, and introduces the case studies in the special issue.

The city of Gelsenkirchen, a center of mining located in the most industrialized part of Germany, the Ruhr region in the west, had the dubious honor of inspiring a mocking name for interior design: from the 1930s onward, the heavy, ornate furniture the working class showed a taste for was known as “Gelsenkirchen Baroque,” a term that lampooned how an ascending group did not know the difference between propriety and pompousness. While the city of Gelsenkirchen forged a “Barock Krieg” to eradicate the term in the 1950s, it chose a more successful strategy to change the feeling rules toward Gelsenkirchener Barock in the early 1990s. With the city grappling with the consequences of deindustrialization, the municipality aimed at rehabilitating its image and the original pride of the furniture’s working-class owners by celebrating a Gelsenkirchener Barock festival, the city’s biggest PR initiative to this day. Marrying conceptual history, emotions history, and design history with social history, the article goes beyond the individual case study and shows that to understand taste-making processes, the emotional politics they entailed are crucial. The highly emotional debates over value and taste in specific historical and spatial contexts are vital for grasping the development and change of feeling rules.

This paper revisits the history of Christianity in the country of ‘Castîliya’, subsequently called the Djerid region located in the southwest of Tunisia, to re-evaluate and add to the large body of documentation that appeared almost a century ago. Excavations carried out by INP researchers in this region located on the limes of Roman Africa have added new data. The information provided either by written sources, notably Christian sources, or by archaeological excavations, suggests that the region of Djerid was Christianized from the fifth century. Indeed, the four main oases (Tusuros, Nepte, Thiges and Aquae) are all bishoprics belonging to the ecclesiastical province of Byzacene and their bishops, converted either to the Donatist or Catholic schism, are almost always present in the provincial gatherings of the church of Africa, usually held in Carthage. Finally, this research tries to answer the following question, what is the fate of the last indigenous Christian communities of Djerid after the Arab-Muslim invasion?

This article uses inventory evidence for the possessions of households in later fifteenth-century County Dublin, an area largely characterised by rural settlement. Because household goods are often only indifferently recorded, its focus is less on individual cases than on larger patterns of consumption between social groups. In particular, by making comparisons with inventories from later medieval England and from the wine-growing Gers region of south-west France in the mid fifteenth century, it explores both how far evidence from County Dublin fits within and helps suggest wider European ‘peasant’ and ‘bourgeois’ patterns of consumption. By extension it explores the boundaries between the urban and the rural and how far a hybrid suburban identity can be discerned. In some cases a combination of close reading and statistical analysis is used to recover occupational identities, something that the source does not specifically record. The significance of the material culture of specific households is examined in two instances — one that of Lady Margaret Nugent, a wealthy and devout widow living in Dublin's St Michan's parish, and the other that of a couple who managed an inn located next to one of the city gates.

The phylogenetic relationships of the monospecific genus Paratricharia, with the single species P. paradoxa, within the family Gomphillaceae are resolved using newly generated sequences of the mtSSU and nuLSU markers for three specimens collected in Costa Rica. The results support placement as sister to the genus Caleniopsis, the two genera sister to a clade containing the genera Aulaxina and Aulaxinella. This placement confirms earlier studies based on cladistic analysis of phenotype characters and phenotype-based phylogenetic binning, suggesting that apothecial features are more informative for the phylogenetic placement of taxa within Gomphillaceae than thallus characteristics.

This overview presents kunqu’s historical journey, suggesting its future trends on European stages. Over the decades, kunqu has grown from traditional performances to avant-garde adaptations, including notable versions of The Peony Pavilion by Peter Sellars and also Chen Shizheng, which fostered intercultural dialogue. Key performances by troupes and artists have modernized kunqu, as exemplified by Bai Xianyong’s youth edition of The Peony Pavilion, and its appeal to younger audiences. Pre- and post-performance lectures have enhanced European understanding of kunqu, contributing to its recognition internationally. The dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation, and local and global perception, reveals kunqu’s enduring relevance and its active role in cultural exchange.