This article explores the geographical imagination of diasporic activists from Afghanistan. It examines the significance of the historic-geographic region of Khorasan for their attempts to re-imagine Afghanistan and its place in the region and wider world. The article documents ethnographically the forms of intellectual exchange in which these intellectual-activists participate, and their modes of materializing the geographical imagination of Khorasan in everyday life. Rather than analyzing their geographical imagination solely through the lens of ethnicity, it treats it as reflecting the activists’ underlying yearning for sovereign agency and as an attempt to forge politically recognizable subjects capable of action.

This article offers a nuanced examination of the complex identity dynamics among the Christian and Muslim communities in Cyprus during the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly in the aftermath of British administration replacing Ottoman rule in 1878. The article draws attention to the profound impact of this historical transition on the identity formation processes of both communities. Despite the shared wartime experience of the First World War, the Christian and Muslim communities in Cyprus failed to construct a cohesive identity rooted in their common geographical space. Drawing on Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of ambivalence, the article explores the complex process by which Cypriot communities sought to align their identity with larger nations, namely Greece and Turkey, rather than grounding it in their local context. The article contends that the genesis of their ambivalence can be traced back to 1878 when British administration replaced Ottoman rule on the island.

This article examines Putin’s expectations prior to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and seeks to answer the following question: Why did Russia invade Ukraine regardless of the West’s threats of severe economic penalties raising the cost of an attack? I argue that the confidence in Vladimir Putin to invade Ukraine, despite his awareness that the stakes could go well beyond the borders of Ukraine and increase the cost of war for the Kremlin, was based on Putin’s calculations that the West would be reluctant to change or substantially displace established rich-get-richer economic structures and would not apply high costs on the Kremlin for military aggression against Ukraine in case of a successful blitzkrieg campaign. By utilizing an extended deterrence game analysis, the article demonstrates how Russia, Ukraine, and the West interacted in decision-making, taking into account the reactions and choices of the other players, and adds to the current body of knowledge by introducing an expanded approach to deterrence strategy based on economic interdependence and the scale of the anticipated conflict.

In the present study, we have discovered and identified a new crystalline form of pinaverium bromide, pinaverium bromide dihydrate (C26H41BrNO4⋅Br⋅2H2O), whose single crystals can be obtained by recrystallization from a mixture of water and acetonitrile at room temperature. The obtained crystals were characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, and their crystal structure was also solved based on X-ray single-crystal diffraction data. The results show that the final pinaverium bromide dihydrate model contains an asymmetric unit of one pinaverium bromide (C26H41Br2NO4) molecule and two water molecules that combine with the bromine ion through O–H⋯O and O–H⋯Br hydrogen bonds. Then, the adjacent pinaverium bromide dihydrates are linked by O–H⋯O, O–H⋯Br, and C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. On the other hand, the experimentally obtained X-ray powder diffraction pattern is in good agreement with the simulated diffraction pattern from their single-crystal data, confirming the correctness of the crystal structure. Hirshfeld surface analysis was employed to understand and visualize the packing patterns, indicating that the H⋯H interaction is the main acting force in the crystal stacking of pinaverium bromide dihydrate.

Focusing on the first decades of the twentieth century but acknowledging longer-term patterns of circulation, this paper discusses how cattle, historically occupying important meanings and roles in the lives of African agropastoralists, was commodified and marketed in southern Mozambique just as Lourenço Marques became the new capital of Mozambique. Highlighting the relations that consolidated between the capital and surrounding cattle-rich areas in a period marked by cattle disease but also the First World War and the Great Depression, the paper looks at the role of different agents and bodies involved in the emerging beef market. Ultimately, the paper shows how African agropastoralists, the main cattle producers in the region, resisted these conditions and tried to engage with markets on their own terms, even in the face of their dwindling control over the different factors that influenced the size and quality of their herds.

Christians talk a lot about humility. They also talk a lot about the kinds of radical faith that seem to fly in the face of intellectual humility. I explore how best to resolve this tension, from a Christian perspective. I argue that rather than prohibiting radical, ‘all-in’ faith or giving up on an intellectual humility requirement, Christians should conceive of intellectual humility as rooted in (non-)concern for one’s intellectual ego. This kind of intellectual humility is compatible with radical faith, but it also suggests a critique of some actual, ego-driven faith commitments.

Virtual reality (VR) technology is perfect with the help of pc, laptop and virtual world integration awareness. The current analysis argues on the application of VR technology inclinic, especially in medical training, panic controlling, any phobia like eating, flying, height phobia etc. therapeutic cure of mental disorder. This research gives a short survey in the field of VR, emphasizing application fields, technological necessities, and present solutions. This research offers the first signal toward the incoming hypnotic virtual atmosphere can be help like a powerful tool, no pharmacologic pain killer. With the use of VR environment, they distract them from pain during panic medication, like chemotherapy, burn medication is so much panic treatment when sterile gauze dressing change we need to distract the attention of patient. These initial conclusions recommended that immersive Virtual Reality more care as a potentially feasible form of therapy forcritical pain. Flying phobia is extremely prevailing nervousness illness, which causes patients suffering and lifeinterfering. VR provide effectiveness treatment of flying phobia, small animal phobia, Claustrophobia etc. By distracting the attention from actual world. Virtual Reality experience treatment is compared by “Imagine experience treatment” (i.e. virtual reality experience treatment completes by imagination). Aim of this paper recourses documentation process, lecturer interview and mathematical measurements to research the use of VR technology scientific development in virtual reality technology. Our present conclusion shows how intellectual factors essential in operator can impact the feature of the human-computer interface (using VR). Therapy authorizations reduced individuals to discover worlds not otherwise accessible to them, permits exact valuation and treatment for their injury and helps their serious requirements in community or personal. And to help these progressive technologies, the operation theater and hospital of the future will be first designed and verified in virtual reality, connecting the full power of the virtual medical doctor. In almost every field we can treat with Virtual Reality simulators, investigators have attained at the same result that both specialists and sufferer gain advantage from this technology. Furthermore, benefits the utilization of Virtual Reality technology in every field were review. Virtual reality is use to distract the attention.

Qualitative research methods, defined as the collection and analysis of non-numerical data to understand concepts and experiences, are often used to inform mental health practice and policies. When utilising qualitative research methods, it is important that the researcher uses an explicit theoretical framework to guide the study. A theoretical framework informs how researchers engage with a topic or problem, report on their work with participants, describe key concepts and address assumptions within the research questions and procedures. In this article, we describe the basic concepts underpinning three of the most commonly used frameworks in mental health research: positivism, interpretivism and critical realism. We also describe how these theoretical frameworks may guide the qualitative process, including the theoretical and methodological approaches chosen and the ways in which these theoretical frameworks can be applied in practice. To enhance understanding of these frameworks, we include examples of how such frameworks can be used in qualitative mental health research.