Depression affects 57 million people in India and is often linked to neurodegeneration (10-90% of cases). However, there’s insufficient evidence comparing the effectiveness of SSRIs and SNRIs in managing neurodegeneration symptoms.

This prospective observational study aims to compare the effects of SSRI and SNRI monotherapy on neurodegeneration, neuroplasticity, and social cognition.

This prospective observational study aims to compare the effects of SSRI and SNRI monotherapy on neurodegeneration, neuroplasticity, and social cognition.

Treatment-naïve patients with unipolar depression were evaluated for treatment response using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and neurodegeneration parameters at enrollment and after six weeks of antidepressant treatment. Neurodegenerative serum biomarkers [indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), neurofilament light chain protein (NLCP), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)] were assessed using ELISA. Social cognition was assessed using Social Cognition Rating tools in Indian setting (SOCRATIS). Neuroplasticity was assessed by resting state MRI.

A total of 150 patients of unipolar depression were enrolled, out of these n=126 patients were prescribed SSRI and 24 patients were prescribed SNRI. Both SSRI and SNRI group have significant reduction in HDRS score at 6-week compared to baseline (both p<0.001), but no intergroup difference. Overall treatment responder rate (HDRS score reduction >50%) was 11.33%, but SSRI group has more responder (12.69%) compared to SNRI (4.16%). After 6 weeks of follow-up, serum IDO in SSRI group and NLCP levels in both groups were significantly decreased when compared to baseline (p<0.001) and BDNF levels were significantly increased in SSRI group when compared to baseline (p<0.01). As per SOCRATIS, after 6 weeks treatment, SSRI and SNRI didn’t show any significant difference. fMRI assessment of depression patients showed significant decrease in cortical thickness of inferiortemporal, parsopercularis and precuneus regions of brain (p<0.05) in comparison with healthy controls. But there was no significant difference/increase in cortical thickness after 6 weeks of follow-up when compared to baseline.

After six weeks of antidepressant treatment, the treatment responder rate among all depression patients was 11.33%, with better outcomes observed in the SSRI group compared to the SNRI group. Likewise, in the assessment of social cognition and neurodegeneration-related biomarkers, the SSRI group showed superior performance over the SNRI group.

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This literature review will present the results obtained by searching available databases on the connection of everyday life in urban environments with the occurrence of symptoms of anxiety and depression, the use of addictive substances, schizophrenia as well as the occurrence of suicide in children, adolescents, and young adults. The results will be compared to the occurrence in suburban and rural areas.

The work aimed to clarify the hitherto known risk and protective factors associated with everyday life in the urban environment and to show how its adaptation has the potential to promote and protect the mental health of children and adolescents.

Search of available databases: Medline, Scopus, PubMed.

Urban mental health; Adolescent mental health; Environment and health; Urban design for mental health;

The results of the presented studies indicate an ambivalent influence of the urban environment on the mental health of young people: on the one hand, better education and employment opportunities, easier choice of social circles, accessibility to health care services (especially if all of the mentioned services are accessible to young people independently through active mobility) contributes to the improved feeling of mental well-being. On the other hand, fewer green spaces, oversaturation with sound and visual stimuli, as well as involuntary interactions with other citizens can endanger mental health.

The collected data indicates a greater number of young people and adults with depression, anxiety symptoms, and psychotic symptoms in cities, while the frequency of attempted and committed suicides is more common in rural areas.

Many different interventions in the urban environment can improve the day-to-day experience and cumulative effect of city streets on our mental health. Such interventions in the built environment include increasing the amount of space dedicated to young people (especially young women) at the same time with the placement of green areas, decreasing automobile dependency, and improving active mobility infrastructure and public transport safety and efficiency.

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Urbanization is related to the mental health of citizens, especially young people, and it is important to follow the guidelines when designing the public space of urban areas, which relate to the presence of green spaces, opportunities for active movement, and the existence of places that enable and encourage socialization, all with the perception security.

The results known so far should be kept in mind during further research into the etiology and epidemiology of mental health in young people, starting with epigenetics and ending with healthcare planning.

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A large number of studies have suggested that longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with poor clinical and functioning outcomes.

The aim of this study is to explore the association of duration of untreated psychosis and functional and clinical outcomes at short term (3 months) in first episode patients.

This is a study of all patients admitted to the EI Service of University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla in Spain, from January 2020 to July 2024, residents in the area (310,000 habitants), aged from 17 to 65, who experiencing a first episode of psychosis. We set the DUP cut-off point at 6 months to compare both groups, short-duration and long-duration psychosis. The response to treatment was assessed at 3 months with standardized scales: the PANSS scale was used to measure clinical response and the GAF scale to asses functional outcomes.

A total of 207 first episode patients were referred to the Early intervention Service (EIS). The mean age was 37 years-old. 54% were woman (n=111). 21% were living alone. 32% were unemployed. Forty percent (n=82) have a psychiatric family history. 63% required hospital admission and forty-nine percent were involuntary.

The mean GAF at the initial assessment was 34.8 (SD: 12.08). The mean duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) was 15 months (SEM ±2.63) and the median was 3 months (SD: 37.87). A total of 67 patients had DUP longer than 6 months.

We did not found significant differences in sex (51.4% women in the short-DUP and 58.2% women in the long-DUP; χ2 = 0.84; p = 0.36) or age (36 years old in the short-DUP vs 37 years old in the long-DUP; p = 0.52) between groups.

A greater number of people in the long-DUP group were unemployed (χ2 = 18,136, p = 0.02) compared to the short-DUP group. A&E visits were significantly higher in short-DUP group (71.8% vs 28.2%, χ2 = 8.82; p = 0.003). No significant differences were found between groups in terms of hospital admission or duration of stay.

The rate of responders using the PANSS remission criteria proposed by Andreasen was 82.7% at 3 months. Non-responders were 15.9% in the short-DUP vs 20.8% in the long-DUP (p = 0.43). Non-significant differences were found.

At 3 months, the rate of patients who scored more than 70 points on the EEAG scale was 71.5%. Non-significant differences were found (70% short-DUP vs 74% long-DUP; p = 0.49) between both groups.

We observed that the percentage of non-responders at 3 months is higher in the group with a larger DUP. At 3 months, patients within the early intervention program showed a high level of functioning regardless of the duration of untreated psychosis.

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Trial protocols and manuals are critical documents outlining core elements of a clinical trial, such as theoretical background, recruitment strategies, intervention structure and components, and control comparators. Availability of these documents is essential as it prevents trial duplication, helps detect or avoid research misconduct, and facilitates tracking of trial results. Moreover, a detailed description of intervention components is crucial for the methodological rigor of advanced meta-research approaches, such as component network meta-analysis (cNMA). However, clinical trials often fail to make these documents publicly accessible, either before or after the trial ends, for instance as supplementary materials to publications. Attempts to obtain these documents by contacting researchers directly are frequently unsuccessful. Therefore, alternative avenues for retrieving these materials must be explored.

This study aims to assess the feasibility of retrieving trial protocols and manuals through alternative sources, such as ethics committees/IRBs, funding bodies, and sponsors.

In the context of a cNMA on psychotherapeutic interventions for eating disorders, we identified 34 published studies (12 on anorexia nervosa and 22 on bulimia nervosa); for each, we reviewed the full-text publications to identify potential sources to retrieve trial protocols and manuals. To this end, we adopted a systematic, stepped approach, investigating: 1) explicit mentions of published trial protocols; 2) trial registration details, including ethics committees/IRBs; 3) institutions or clinics whose ethics committees approved the protocol; 4) specific trial sites or study sponsors/funders; 5) first author’s affiliation.

Of the 34 publications analyzed: 1) 2 studies had published trial protocols; 2) 11 studies were registered in trial databases and reported ethics committee or IRB details; 3)16 studies identified the ethics committee or IRB that approved the protocol; 4) 26 studies reported one or more specific trial sites or funding bodies/sponsors; 5) 31 studies provided the first author’s institutional affiliation.

Overall, 26 studies had at least one contact associated with organizations that would have reviewed the trial documents, and 31 studies had at least one institutional contact potentially connected to the trial’s documentation. For 3 studies no information on ethics committees, trial site, or author affiliation was available.

Despite the recognized importance of making trial protocols publicly available, spontaneous dissemination remains rare in clinical trials on psychotherapeutic interventions. In the absence of published protocols or trial registration details, our feasibility study highlights that full-text publications of trial results can offer multiple potential points of contact that may provide access to such documentation.

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ESCAPE-LTE was a phase 4, long-term, open-label extension (OLE) study for patients (pts) with treatment resistant depression (TRD) who were continuing esketamine nasal spray (ESK-NS) treatment following ESCAPE-TRD. ESCAPE-TRD was a randomised, phase IIIb trial comparing the efficacy and safety of ESK-NS versus quetiapine extended release (Q-XR), when both were flexibly dosed alongside an ongoing selective serotonin/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SSRI/SNRI), in pts with TRD. The study demonstrated that ESK‑NS significantly increased the probability of achieving remission at Week 8, and of being relapse‑free through Week 32 after remission at Week 8, versus Q-XR (Reif et al. NEJM 2023; 389 1298–309).

To assess the long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of ESK-NS alongside an SSRI/SNRI in pts with TRD. Here, the study design of ESCAPE-LTE is described; top-line results will be reported in the poster.

ESCAPE-LTE was a single-arm, 2-year OLE to ESCAPE-TRD in 14 countries. Pts eligible for ESCAPE-LTE were those who completed ESK-NS treatment in combination with an SSRI/SNRI in ESCAPE-TRD through to the end of the study (Week 32), continued to benefit from the ESK-NS treatment regimen and for whom commercial ESK-NS was not accessible in their country. The starting dose of ESK-NS was based on the pts’ dose (28 mg [≥65 years and adults of Japanese ancestry], 56 mg or 84 mg) and frequency (weekly or biweekly) at completion of the maintenance phase (Week 32) of ESCAPE-TRD. Investigators were able to change the dose and frequency within label recommendations during the OLE based on clinical judgment.

The primary objective was to assess the long-term safety and tolerability of ESK-NS. The secondary objective was to assess the long-term efficacy of ESK-NS based on the proportion of pts being relapse-free at Week 104 (or end-of-study).

The primary endpoints were the number of pts who developed treatment-emergent adverse events, and suicidal ideation and behaviour, assessed by the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Safety assessments also included body weight and vital sign measurements and clinical laboratory tests. The secondary endpoint was no relapse until the end of the prospective observation at Week 104 (or end-of-study); relapse was defined as a worsening of depressive symptoms as indicated by a total Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of ≥22 at two consecutive assessments; hospitalisation for worsening depression, suicide prevention or attempt; or any other event assessed by the investigator to be indicative of relapse.

183 pts were enrolled in the ESCAPE-LTE. Top-line study results will be reported in the poster.

Results from the ESCAPE-LTE will provide evidence for the long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of ESK-NS as a treatment for pts with TRD.

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Breast cancer is the leading cancer among women, and its early diagnosis is vital for improving survival rates. However, many women delay seeking medical attention after noticing symptoms. Factors such as lack of awareness, fear of diagnosis, financial constraints, and family responsibilities often contribute to these delays. In addition to the physical burden of cancer, psychological distress is a common but often overlooked aspect of the patient experience.

To identify the prevalence and causes of delayed consultation as well as the different types of psychological distress (practical, familial, emotional, spiritual, and physical) among patients with breast cancer.

We conducted a descriptive and analytical study over a one-year period (June 2021 - May 2022) in the oncology department of the Maternity and Neonatology Center of Monastir. Data were collected using information sheets, interviews, and medical records. Psychological impact was assessed using the Distress Thermometer (DT), a visual scale from 0 to 10, accompanied by a questionnaire on practical, familial, emotional, spiritual, and physical issues. The median consultation delay and reasons for the delay were also examined.

Among the 150 patients diagnosed with breast cancer who received treatment and follow-up at the Maternity and Neonatology Center of Monastir, the median consultation delay was 28 days, with delays ranging from 1 to 912 days. Thirty-five patients (23.3%) experienced late consultations, defined as a delay of more than 90 days. The main reasons for the delay included 62.2% of patients not suspecting cancer after the first functional signs, 11.1% fearing the diagnosis, and 8.9% facing financial issues or family and professional responsibilities. Among the 104 patients who completed the Distress Thermometer questionnaire, 31.7% had a distress level below 4, while 68.3% had a distress level of 4 or above. The most frequently reported practical problems were child care (26.92%) and meal preparation (18.26%). Familial problems mainly concerned relationships with children (26.92%). Emotional issues included fear (50%), nervousness (50.96%), and sadness (50%). Regarding spiritual concerns, 32.6% of patients had spiritual or religious concerns, and 67 patients reported physical problems.

The results show that the majority of patients experience high psychological distress, particularly in emotional and practical domains. The median consultation delay is 28 days, with a significant delay in 23.3% of patients. It is therefore crucial to improve awareness and psychological support to reduce consultation delays and optimize breast cancer management and patient well-being.

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Eating disorders (EDs) are an important and highly prevalent class of disorders worldwide, with the global lifetime prevalence reaching more than 8% in females and 2% in males. Also, EDs associate high rates of mortality, comorbidity, organic and psychiatric complications, and years lived with disability (YLD), low quality of life and increased healthcare costs. Yet, the pharmacological armamentarium available to treat EDs is quite reduced, a phenomenon that creates difficult challenges for the case management of these patients.

To review the existing literature in order to find new targets explored for the treatment of EDs.

A literature review was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Clarivate/Web of Science) and the US National Library of Medicine database for clinical trials (www.clinicaltrials.gov) to find clinical studies published between January 2000 and September 2024. The keywords used were “eating disorders”, “feeding disorders”, “anorexia nervosa”, “bulimia nervosa”, “binge eating disorder”, “drugs in pipeline”, and “pharmacological treatment”. Only adult participants were included, and only sources published in English were selected.

The following data are based on 33 sources found during the literature search. Lisdexampheatmine and vortioxetine are explored for in BED, with the first agent receiving FDA approval for moderate and severe binge eating disorder (BED) in adults. Olanzapine is explored in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), chromium picolinate for BED, methylphenidate + CBT also for BED, and antibiotics for bulimia nervosa (BN). Psychedelics, e.g., psilocybin and MDMA, are explored for AN and BED, but there is a limited number of trials dedicated to these agents that reach only phase 2a. Therapeutic guidelines dedicated to EDs have very few level A recommendations, i.e., fluoxetine and topiramate for BED, lisdexamphetamine for BED, and olanzapine for AN, with several cautionary notes regarding adverse events and restricted availability for some of these drugs.

There is a dearth of good-quality data regarding the efficacy and tolerability of newer pharmacological agents for treating EDs. Therapeutic guidelines dedicated to this type of disorders have only scarce recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy, and there is an urgent need to find more agents that could improve the prognosis of patients with ED.

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Antipsychotic medications, particularly atypical antipsychotics, are commonly associated with metabolic side effects such as weight gain, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. These disturbances significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, especially in patients treated with clozapine and olanzapine. It is not always feasible to discontinue these treatments, as the decision largely depends on the clinical context. Therefore, addressing these metabolic side effects requires specific pharmacological interventions to mitigate their impact.

This non-systematic review aims to assess the evidence supporting pharmacological interventions in managing antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances.

Relevant and recent studies or reviews were selected from the PubMed electronic database using search terms related to antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances and pharmacological interventions to manage them.

Current evidence suggests the need for early and aggressive pharmacological intervention in patients experiencing antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical activity and dietary changes, are often insufficient to mitigate these iatrogenic effects. Pharmacological interventions to reduce metabolic risk in individuals with severe mental illness may include the introduction of an antipsychotic with a more favourable metabolic profile, modification of antipsychotic therapy (dose adjustment, augmentation with another antipsychotic with a lower metabolic risk or switching to another antipsychotic with a lower metabolic risk) and treatment of medical conditions (through the use of drugs such as metformin, statins, among others). Based on updated scientific evidence, the most effective pharmacological treatments for reducing weight gain associated with second-generation antipsychotics are metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, topiramate, zonisamide, and nizatidine. The adjunctive use of aripiprazole also reduces lipid levels and weight and attenuates negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome. Metformin is considered the best-tolerated intervention, while topiramate is the least tolerated.

Pharmacological interventions, particularly the use of metformin and GLP-1 analogues, offer promising results in managing antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances. These interventions improve weight management, glucose levels, and lipid profiles. More large-scale randomized trials are needed to further validate these interventions and assess long-term safety and efficacy.

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The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) offers a framework to facilitate clinical research for psychopathology. Unique features include an emphasis on transdiagnostic dimensions spanning normal and abnormal ranges of function, novel independent variables (mechanisms, not diagnoses), and the integration of different kinds of observations (neural, psychological, self-report). In this talk, principles and pragmatics of RDoC approach are illustrated with examples from RDoC-framed clinical research, and the clinical significance is discussed.

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Bipolar disorder is a complex psychiatric condition marked by severe mood swings, including prolonged depressive episodes that constitute approximately 50% of the illness duration. While there is substantial evidence supporting interventions for manic and hypomanic episodes, therapeutic options for bipolar depression remain insufficient and often ineffective. Accelerated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (arTMS) has emerged as a promising treatment modality with the potential to address these gaps. arTMS offers rapid antidepressant effects comparable to traditional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols while maintaining a favorable safety and tolerability profile.

This prospective, open-label, multicenter study investigates the efficacy and safety of arTMS in treating bipolar II disorder during depressive phases.

The study enrolled 20 patients who underwent a five-day, four-times-daily arTMS protocol targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The primary outcome measure was the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), assessed at baseline, immediately post-treatment, and at one- and three-month follow-ups. Secondary outcomes included safety and tolerability, with a focus on the risk of manic or hypomanic switches as measured by the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS).

Results indicated a significant reduction in MADRS scores from baseline to immediately post-treatment, with a mean difference of -9.80 (Cohen’s d=1.065, p<0.001). Continued improvements were observed at one month (-15.60, d=1.695, p<0.001) and three months (-19.70, d=2.140, p<0.001), with response rates increasing from 15% immediately after treatment to 60% at three months, and remission rates rising from 5% to 55% over the same period. Importantly, arTMS did not result in any significant increase in YMRS scores, indicating no emergence of manic symptoms, and no hypomanic switches were reported.

The findings underscore the rapid onset and sustained effectiveness of arTMS for bipolar depression, with improvements observed immediately after treatment and continuing over the subsequent months. The progressive rise in response and remission rates suggests that therapeutic benefits may become more pronounced over time, highlighting the importance of considering delayed treatment responses. Moreover, the lack of adverse effects on mood polarity supports arTMS as a safer alternative compared to traditional pharmacological treatments, which are often associated with a risk of manic episodes. Future research should include larger, randomized, sham-controlled trials to validate these findings and further explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying arTMS’s rapid antidepressant effects.

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Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS) is an autoimmune disease caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria. It usually affects children 3 to 12 years of age, however, have also been reported among adolescents. PANDAS presents with neuropsychiatric symptoms which can overlap or coincide with existing psychiatric disorders that often emerge further as children get older. Identifying the causation of events may be challenging making such cases difficult to manage.

To understand the presentation of PANDAS with concurrent mood disorder and its management.

Clinical case report

A 16-year-old female was initially admitted due to blank stares, disorganized behavior, paranoia, aggression, and depressive symptoms. Her EEG and MRI were normal. She did not tolerate Fluoxetine but improved with Olanzapine (12.5mg). At 17 years old, she had throat discomfort, colds, and headache with supportive management done. She felt depressed and suicidal due to school stress prompting her second admission. She was started on Escitalopram and Olanzapine was shifted to Quetiapine. Subsequently, she developed manic symptoms with hallucinations and worsened paranoia. Escitalopram was discontinued and Quetiapine was increased (300mg). Bipolar I Disorder with Psychotic Features was considered. Shortly after, she developed explosive motor and vocal tics, involuntary screeching with head gagging and jerking and urges to choke herself or hit her head on the wall. Quetiapine was discontinued and was placed on Clonazepam (0.25mg/8h). Work ups revealed normal EEG, positive ASO and ESR, and findings of Mild Rheumatic Heart Disease on 2D Echo, hence, the assessment of PANDAS. Treatment is multidisciplinary involving antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and psychotherapeutic interventions. Medications were then adjusted to: Co-amoxiclav (625mg/10days) followed by Penicillin V (250mg/12h), Aripiprazole (15mg), and Divalproex Sodium (1000mg). Intravenous immunoglobulin was suggested due to her moderate to severe presentation. Henceforth, improvement of symptoms were noted and she was reintegrated back home.

Diagnosing PANDAS can be complex among adolescent due to concurrent issues with similar symptom presentation. PANDAS is episodic in nature but may also have sawtooth-like presentation which may indicate first admission as an episode and the second, a flare up. The case could have also been a combination of PANDAS and Bipolar Disorder thus the severity. Regardless, the interplay of biological and psychological facets have evidently magnified her predispositions leading to an intense manifestation of symptoms.

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According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), 50% of all lifetime cases of mental illness begin by age 14, and 75% by age 24 (1). Development is a life-long process, but adult development is generally more gradual and less critical than that of children and adolescents. That is why the role of development in child psychiatry is particularly important, contrary to the adult psychiatry, more focused on the categorical definition of the observed clinical situation.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in particular, characterized by heterogeneity, may evolve to adulthood with an atypical presentation. Approximately a quarter of autistic adults reported being misdiagnosed with at least one psychiatric condition before receiving an autism diagnosis. Personality disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders were most frequently perceived as misdiagnoses, according to Fusar-Poli et al (2).

The contact between adult psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry, may be organized in transition care settings (outpatient care, clinical discussions, …). These practices may have a major impact in adult psychiatry practice, emphasizing the importance of a developmental approach, at any given time and with each patient, going beyond the classical inquiry about clinical and personal backgrounds. It also helps adult’s psychiatrists to keep in mind diagnostic hypotheses of neurodevelopmental disorders, which are usually more focused on child and adolescent psychiatry.

A clinical case will be presented to illustrate our thesis.

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Diagnosing psychiatric disorders in individuals raised in orphanages is challenging due to symptom overlap. Trauma from institutional life can mimic symptoms of both Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and paranoid schizophrenia (Hermenau et al. J Trauma Stress 2011; 24: 513-516). For example, PTSD symptoms like intrusive memories may resemble schizophrenia’s delusions when trauma affects threat perception. Additionally, PTSD-related attachment issues can exacerbate paranoia (Patel et al. J Trauma Dissociation 2016; 17: 123-136). Accurate diagnosis requires careful assessment of trauma history and symptom differentiation (Robinaugh et al. Depress Anxiety 2011; 28: 305-311).

Challenges of symptoms overlapping in schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, and PTSD.

Effects of orphanage background and early trauma on psychiatric symptoms.

Diagnostic methods and evolving treatment plans.

Patient ZN, a 37-year-old female with paranoid schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder (BPD), has had 11 admissions over six years at our clinic. Despite treatment with DSM-5 criteria, PANSS, and BEST scales, using antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines, there was no significant improvement. This year, her hospitalizations increased, particularly after developing a strong attachment and maternal feelings toward a doctor who treated her three times consecutively. PTSD, relevant due to her orphanage background and initially unassessed, was later identified through screening. Data were recorded through clinical notes, informed consent was obtained, and the case study’s single-case design limits generalizability.

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In recent years, the appealing aspect of strength training has grown beyond its physical benefits, promoting interest in its potential impact on mental health. Despite the curiosity, the association between it and depression remains unexplored.

The purpose of this study is to examine at the link between strength training intensity and depression levels among active gym-goers in Tunisia.

This is a cross-sectional study, conducted from February to March 2024. Participants were recruited online through social media platforms (Tunisian facebook groups and fitness forums) using a posted survey link. We’ve included respondents who are 18 years of age or older who have been active in strength training with a gym membership for 1 month or more. The respondents were required to answer a questionnaire that included questions related to socio-demographic data and to provide strength training intensity related details (sessions frequency, duration, perceived overall intensity using likert scale)

Depression levels were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).

The overall number of participants was 72, with 86% being male. The majority of responders (n=65, 90.2%) indicated that they performed strength training exercises at least three times per week, with an average session length of 45 minutes. In terms of strength training intensity, 38.8% (n= 28) of participants reported high-intensity sessions, 48.6%(n=35) moderate-intensity sessions, and the remaining participants reported low-intensity sessions.

The mean depression score on the PHQ-9 scale was 4.3 (SD = 2.1). Implying a prevalence of minimal to mild depressive symptoms among the research population.

Strength training intensity was found to have a negative correlation with depression scores (r = -0.36, p = 0.03), suggesting that higher intensity sessions were linked with fewer symptoms of depression.

This study serves to shed light upon the association between strength training intensity and depression levels among Tunisian gym-goers. The findings emphasise the positive impact of strength training with higher intensity, on depressive symptoms

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Cluster headache (CH) and bipolar disorder (BD) are cyclic disorders with shared clinical aspects, e.g. disturbed sleep patterns, response to lithium and a tendency to use illicit drugs.

We investigated comorbidity of BD in patients with CH, prevalence of BD amongst CH family members, circadian aspects and use of illicit drugs.

Patients from the Leiden University Cluster headache neuro-Analysis program (LUCA) were screened cross-sectionally for BD online, using the Mood Disturbance Questionnaire (MDQ-NL) and Altman Self Rating Scale (ASRM-NL) and, if indicated, further evaluated with the Mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI). Circadian aspects were analyzed using the Circadian Type Inventory (CTI) and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ).

The life-time prevalence of BD in patients suffering from CH was 6.5%. Patients with comorbid BD (CH+BD) were more likely to have family members with BD (standardized OR= 1.50, 95% CI=1.15;1.95, p=0.003) and were more likely to suffer from chronic CH (OR=3.05 95% CI=1.18;7.87, p=0.02) after adjustment for age and sex. They also more often used illicit drugs, compared to patients with only CH. Circadian type and chronotype did not differ between the two groups after adjustment for confounders.

There is a high prevalence of BD in CH patients. CH+BD patients are more likely to have a positive family history for BD. CH+BD patients are more likely to suffer from chronic CH and more often use illicit drugs. In clinical practice it is important to screen for BD when treating patients with CH.

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Depressive disorder is one of the health problems that carries the greatest burden of morbidity, with high prevalence and impact on people’s quality of life. It also affects the family environment and contributes to the social and economic burden on health systems (World Health Organization, depression, 2023). Currently, the treatment of depression has limitations and there is a high frequency of patients who do not respond despite multiple trials of antidepressants. Up to two-thirds of patients diagnosed with depression do not achieve remission despite treatment, and 30% of patients are considered treatment-resistant, defined as a minimum of two failures to previous treatments, in adequate doses and duration (Gaynes et al., 2019). Recent innovations in the management provide promising opportunities to improve the symptomatology of these patients. New drugs such as ketamine and esketamine, which have glutamatergic neuromodulatory properties, are used under supervision for the treatment of patients with treatment-resistant depression (Vasiliu, 2023).

The aim is to describe a sample of real-world patients with a diagnosis of resistant depression referred to esketamine/ketamine treatment. The individuals were being followed by psychiatrists of a public hospital in the city of Barcelona and were selected to start treatment indicated by the refractoriness and severity of the episode.

We used a database that collected multiple sociodemographic, clinical and treatment variables of 32 patients with refractory depression who were referred to treatment with esketamine/ketamine. SPSS software was used for data processing. All the patients in the group were followed up by psychiatry in a public hospital in the city of Barcelona during the period from July 2015 to September 2024.

Of the 32 patients evaluated, 11 were male (34.4%) and 21 were female (65.6%). The mean age at the time of receiving ketamine/ketamine treatment was 53 years with a standard deviation of 10.7. Nearly 60% had a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Twenty-eight percent had undergone electroconvulsive therapy. The mean number of previous episodes was 3.72 with a median of 2.5. Regarding the response to treatment we found that it was partial in 15 patients (46.9%) and complete remission could be obtained in 7 patients (21.9%), with no response to treatment in 10 of them (31.2%). In 5 patients the response was considered a late response.

In most of the patients a partial improvement was assessed as evidenced by a reduction in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Few cases obtained a complete remission with treatment.

As limitations to the results, we can refer to the small sample size. However, we consider that the severity and chronicity of the episodes make the description of the response in a real world group seem of interest for future studies.

None Declared

Although still somewhat reluctantly used (and thus underutilized) by many clinicians, it is the well-evidenced fact that clozapine is an effective drug for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In order to optimize its therapeutic potential and to minimize side effects, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of plasma clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine is an essential clinical tool. TDM can also help to reveal insufficient adherence or individual differences in the rates of metabolism. Moreover, clozapine plasma levels can be affected by other factor, such as smoking or concomitant medication (fluvoxamine). In our study sample, we were able to demonstrate the relationship between the dosage and clozapine plasma levels and their impact on clinical efficacy and safety.

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Cognitive difficulties in people with psychosis are present at the time of the first episode, even from periods of high risk to early stages of psychosis, their nature and severity seem similar to those observed in patients with a more chronic evolution, since it seems to be an impairment that in most people remains stable, although there is a group of people that worsens. Therefore, these deficits cannot be fully explained by treatments, hospitalizations, or chronicity, and appear more as an intrinsic characteristic of the disease. The course of their trajectory through the progression of the disease remains uncertain.

This study aimed to evaluate changes in cold, hot, and social cognition during acute psychotic episodes in hospitalized patients, to better understand their relationship with psychotic symptomatology.

A prospective longitudinal study was conducted with 10 patients (age range: 18-65) admitted to the psychiatric acute unit at Jerez de la Frontera Hospital, diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or other psychotic disorders. Cognitive assessments included SCIP (cold cognition), Hinting Task (social cognition), and OSCARS (hot cognition), alongside psychiatric evaluations using PANSS, BPRS, and GAF scales. Statistical analysis was performed to identify correlations between cognitive domains and psychotic symptoms.

Analysis of the 10 selected patients reveals that the levels of impairment in cold, warm, and social cognitive functions vary significantly. The mean obtained for the SCIP-S scale total (64.60) suggests a moderate impairment in cold cognition, which aligns with previous research indicating that this type of impairment is an intrinsic feature of psychotic disorders, regardless of the time course of the illness.The mean on the Hinting task (14.00) and OSCAR total score (52.60) reflect impairment in social and warm cognition, respectively. Regarding the PANSS scale, scores indicate a predominance of positive psychotic symptoms, with a mean of 31.50 on PANSS-P, suggesting a high degree of active symptomatology.

These results are congruent with the hypothesis that alterations in warm cognition could precede and perhaps influence the exacerbation of these psychotic symptoms, as has been suggested in previous studies.

This study provides preliminary evidence of the complex relationship between cold, warm, and social cognitive functions in patients with acute-phase psychotic disorder. The findings suggest that although these functions are impaired in psychosis, their interrelationship is not as strong as might be expected, underscoring the need for differentiated interventions that address each cognitive domain specifically.

None Declared