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Chapter 4 relates the impact of the Americanization of the Fourth Civil War for Vietnam. Despite public claims to the contrary, Hanoi at that time had no desire to negotiate an end to the conflict; it was committed to “complete victory.” Nothing short of the surrender of its enemies was going to satisfy it. To meet that end, Le Duan’s regime relied heavily on political and material support from the Soviet Union and China, which was not always easy to obtain in light of the growing ideological dispute between the two. Mounting frustration with the course of the war eventually prompted Le Duan to order a major, months-long military campaign to break the stalemate and expedite victory: the Tet Offensive of 1968. Although it dealt the United States a major psychological blow, the three-staged offensive fell far short of meeting Le Duan’s own expectations. In fact, it energized the regime in Saigon and rallied the Southern population behind it to an unprecedented degree.
Water shapes the planet and all life upon it. Breaking down traditional disciplinary barriers, this accessible, holistic introduction to the role and importance of water in Earth’s physical and biological environments assumes no prior knowledge. It provides the reader with a clear and coherent explanation of the unique properties of water and how these allow it to affect landscapes and underpin all life on Earth. Contemporary issues surrounding water quality – such as the rise of microplastics and climate change – are highlighted, ensuring readers understand current debates. Giving all of the necessary background and up-to-date references, and including numerous examples and illustrations to explain concepts, worked mathematical calculations, and extensive end-of-chapter questions, this is the ideal introductory textbook for students seeking to understand the inextricable links between water and the environment.
The “two-camp theory” prompted Vietnamese communists to instigate a civil war – the Fourth Civil War for Vietnam – to neutralize domestic rivals immediately after World War II ended. When France initiated its recolonization of Vietnam and the rest of Indochina in fall 1945, Chapter 2 relates, many Vietnamese noncommunist nationalists and other victims of communist attacks and repression opted to collaborate with its armies, for the time being. Thus, the French war in Vietnam became entwined with the Vietnamese Civil War; it also significantly augmented national fracturing and fratricidal violence. French manipulation, a misreading of Vietnamese political realities, and the intensifying state of the Cold War prompted the United States to intrude. By the time of the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu, in spring 1954, the United States was footing nearly 80 percent of the French war bill, and Washington policymakers had become obsessed with the evolving situation across the Indochinese Peninsula. The Geneva accords of July 1954 concluded the French War and paused the Vietnamese Civil War by creating two Vietnams separated at the Seventeenth Parallel.
This chapter gives a brief overview of sampling based on sparsity. The idea is that a signal which is not bandlimited can sometimes be reconstructed from a sampled version if we have a priori knowledge that the signal is sparse in a certain basis. These results are very different from the results of Shannon and Nyquist, and are sometimes referred to as sub-Nyquist sampling theories. They can be regarded as generalizations of traditional sampling theory, which was based on the bandlimited property. Examples include sampling of finite-duration signals whose DFTs are sparse. Sparse reconstruction methods are closely related to the theory of compressive sensing, which is also briefly introduced. These are major topics that have emerged in the last two decades, so the chapter provides important references for further reading.
This concise and rigorous textbook introduces students to the subject of continuum thermodynamics, providing a complete treatment of the subject with practical applications to material modelling.
Presents mathematical prerequisites and the foundations of continuum mechanics, taking the student step-by-step through the subject to allow full understanding of the theory.
Introduces more advanced topics such as theories for the investigation of material models, showing how they relate to real-world practical applications.
Numerous examples and illustrations, alongside end-of-chapter problems with helpful hints, help describe complex concepts and mathematical derivations.
This is the ideal, accessible introduction to continuum thermodynamics for senior undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical, aeronautical and civil engineering.
This chapter presents mathematical details relating to the Fourier transform (FT), Fourier series, and their inverses. These details were omitted in the preceding chapters in order to enable the reader to focus on the engineering side. The material reviewed in this chapter is fundamental and of lasting value, even though from the engineer’s viewpoint the importance may not manifest in day-to-day applications of Fourier representations. First the chapter discusses the discrete-time case, wherein two types of Fourier transform are distinguished, namely, l1-FT and l2-FT. A similar distinction between L1-FT and L2-FT for the continuous-time case is made next. When such FTs do not exist, it is still possible for a Fourier transform (or inverse) to exist in the sense of the so-called Cauchy principal value or improper Riemann integral, as explained. A detailed discussion on the pointwise convergence of the Fourier series representation is then given, wherein a number of sufficient conditions for such convergence are presented. This involves concepts such as bounded variation, one-sided derivatives, and so on. Detailed discussions of these concepts, along with several illuminating examples, are presented. The discussion is also extended to the case of the Fourier integral.
This chapter introduces recursive difference equations. These equations represent discrete-time LTI systems when the so-called initial conditions are zero. The transfer functions of such LTI systems have a rational form (ratios of polynomials in z). Recursive difference equations offer a computationally efficient way to implement systems whose outputs may depend on an infinite number of past inputs. The recursive property allows the infinite past to be remembered by remembering only a finite number of past outputs. Poles and zeros of rational transfer functions are introduced, and conditions for stability expressed in terms of pole locations. Computational graphs for digital filters, such as the direct-form structure, cascade-form structure, and parallel-form structure, are introduced. The partial fraction expansion (PFE) method for analysis of rational transfer functions is introduced. It is also shown how the coefficients of a rational transfer function can be identified by measuring a finite number of samples of the impulse response. The chapter also shows how the operation of polynomial division can be efficiently implemented in the form of a recursive difference equation.
Water shapes the planet and all life upon it. Breaking down traditional disciplinary barriers, this accessible, holistic introduction to the role and importance of water in Earth’s physical and biological environments assumes no prior knowledge. It provides the reader with a clear and coherent explanation of the unique properties of water and how these allow it to affect landscapes and underpin all life on Earth. Contemporary issues surrounding water quality – such as the rise of microplastics and climate change – are highlighted, ensuring readers understand current debates. Giving all of the necessary background and up-to-date references, and including numerous examples and illustrations to explain concepts, worked mathematical calculations, and extensive end-of-chapter questions, this is the ideal introductory textbook for students seeking to understand the inextricable links between water and the environment.
This concise and rigorous textbook introduces students to the subject of continuum thermodynamics, providing a complete treatment of the subject with practical applications to material modelling.
Presents mathematical prerequisites and the foundations of continuum mechanics, taking the student step-by-step through the subject to allow full understanding of the theory.
Introduces more advanced topics such as theories for the investigation of material models, showing how they relate to real-world practical applications.
Numerous examples and illustrations, alongside end-of-chapter problems with helpful hints, help describe complex concepts and mathematical derivations.
This is the ideal, accessible introduction to continuum thermodynamics for senior undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical, aeronautical and civil engineering.
Water shapes the planet and all life upon it. Breaking down traditional disciplinary barriers, this accessible, holistic introduction to the role and importance of water in Earth’s physical and biological environments assumes no prior knowledge. It provides the reader with a clear and coherent explanation of the unique properties of water and how these allow it to affect landscapes and underpin all life on Earth. Contemporary issues surrounding water quality – such as the rise of microplastics and climate change – are highlighted, ensuring readers understand current debates. Giving all of the necessary background and up-to-date references, and including numerous examples and illustrations to explain concepts, worked mathematical calculations, and extensive end-of-chapter questions, this is the ideal introductory textbook for students seeking to understand the inextricable links between water and the environment.
This chapter discusses various approaches to demand response, including time-of-use pricing, critical peak pricing, interruptible service, and priority service pricing. A quantitative model of time-of-use pricing is presented, and its properties are analyzed using the KKT conditions of the model. A model of priority service pricing is presented, whereby an aggregator offers different levels of reliability in power service at different prices. The model is described as a leader-follower interaction, where the leader is the aggregator that prices contracts and the followers are residential customers who select menu options.
Given the dynamic changing nature of knowledge, educators need to appreciate that learning and teaching theories can help them to conceptualise their use of digital technologies to support learning and teaching. This chapter will highlight the main learning and teaching theories that educators can draw upon to help them understand or inform their pedagogical approaches when using digital technologies in their classroom. The chapter is not meant to be a comprehensive review of major learning theories used in education, though it is intended to be a useful guide to help pre-service educators and beginning educators make the link between the use of digital technologies and a number of the learning theories that exist.
Additionally, the chapter will challenge you to understand how the influence of personal experience plays a large role on the pedagogical approaches that educators either consciously or subconsciously apply within our classrooms. The main focus of this chapter will highlight how digital technologies are used to support learning and teaching in consideration of these theoretical underpinnings.
Water shapes the planet and all life upon it. Breaking down traditional disciplinary barriers, this accessible, holistic introduction to the role and importance of water in Earth’s physical and biological environments assumes no prior knowledge. It provides the reader with a clear and coherent explanation of the unique properties of water and how these allow it to affect landscapes and underpin all life on Earth. Contemporary issues surrounding water quality – such as the rise of microplastics and climate change – are highlighted, ensuring readers understand current debates. Giving all of the necessary background and up-to-date references, and including numerous examples and illustrations to explain concepts, worked mathematical calculations, and extensive end-of-chapter questions, this is the ideal introductory textbook for students seeking to understand the inextricable links between water and the environment.
The United States pulled out the last of its combat troops from South Vietnam in March 1973. That ended the American War and completed the de-Americanization of the Fourth Civil War for Vietnam. Shortly after the signing of the Paris agreement, Hanoi resumed combat operations. The regime in Saigon, communist decision-makers publicly claimed, had failed to honor its side of the bargain, leaving them no choice. In 1974–5, Le Duan’s regime mounted yet another major campaign to bring about the collapse of its counterpart in the South. This time it calculated correctly, and its armies triumphed. Chapter 6 relates the rationale for Hanoi’s decision to proceed with the campaign, despite the possible resumption of US attacks against the North, and the reasons for its ultimate – and final – triumph on 30 April 1975.
This chapter will explore the use of digital technologies to develop psychomotor procedures when learning with our bodies. This includes the use of video, images and annotations to practise technique or strategy in physical education, such as improving a cricket bowling technique, or to review and analyse team performance and gameplay following a match. It could be using video or audio to develop musical instrument technique or to improve public speaking or other acting or speaking skills in drama. It could be used to develop choreography or dance technique, or to practice speaking a new language. Psychomotor procedures are also involved in learning to form letters when writing and acquiring the manual skill of typing.
This chapter begins with a theory-based explanation of psychomotor procedures and how they are incorporated in some of the key models of knowledge such as Bloom’s Taxonomy and Marzano and Kendall’s New Taxonomy. It then considers how you can use digital tools to develop psychomotor procedures in curriculum subjects.